Remotely Activated Nanoparticles for Anticancer Therapy
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REVIEW
Cite as Nano-Micro Lett. (2021) 13:11
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00537-8
Remotely Activated Nanoparticles for Anticancer Therapy Luisa Racca1, Valentina Cauda1 *
Received: 14 July 2020 Accepted: 10 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
HIGHLIGHTS • The present review highlights the importance of remotely activated nanoparticles for anticancer purposes. • For each physical input, we present its possible active synergy with several nanomaterials. • We report examples and the mechanism of action when clarified. • Clinical trials involving remotely triggered nanoparticles are discussed.
ABSTRACT Cancer has nowadays become one of the lead-
STIMULIRESPONSIVE NPs
ing causes of death worldwide. Conventional anticancer approaches are associated with different limitations. Therefore, innovative methodologies are being investigated, and several researchers propose the use of remotely activated
NP+ STIMULATION: SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS
nanoparticles to trigger cancer cell death. The idea is to conjugate two different components, i.e., an external physical input and nanoparticles. Both are given in a harmless dose that once combined together act synergistically to therapeutically treat the cell or tissue of interest, thus also limiting the negative
REMOTE STIMULATION
outcomes for the surrounding tissues. Tuning both the properties of the nanomaterial and the involved triggering stimulus,
RADIATIONS RADIOFREQUENCY
CANCER CELL DEATH MICROWAVES LIGHT MECHANICAL WAVES
it is possible furthermore to achieve not only a therapeutic effect, but also a powerful platform for imaging at the same time, obtaining a nano-theranostic application. In the present review, we highlight the role of nanoparticles as therapeutic or theranostic tools, thus excluding the cases where a molecular drug is activated. We thus present many examples where the highly cytotoxic power only derives from the active interaction between different physical inputs and nanoparticles. We perform a special focus on mechanical waves responding nanoparticles, in which remotely activated nanoparticles directly become therapeutic agents without the need of the administration of chemotherapeutics or sonosensitizing drugs. KEYWORDS Anticancer therapy; Remotely activated nanomedicine; Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles; Physical stimulation; Radiofrequency; Nanoparticle-assisted ultrasound; Hyperthermia
* Valentina Cauda, [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy Vol.:(0123456789)
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Abbreviations CTAB Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide DOPC 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor EMA European Medicines Agency EPR Enhanced permeability and retention effect FDA Food and Drug Administration HSA Human serum albumin MF Magnetic field MFH Magnetic fluid hyperthermia MHT Magnetic hyperthermia therapy MRI Magnetic resonance imaging MW Microwave NaRFA Nano-radio-frequency ablation NIR
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