Removal of nutrients from domestic wastewater using constructed wetlands: assessment of suitable environmental and opera
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REVIEW
Removal of nutrients from domestic wastewater using constructed wetlands: assessment of suitable environmental and operational conditions Saroj Kumar1 · Bhanu Pratap1 · Divya Dubey1 · Venkatesh Dutta1 Received: 9 December 2019 / Revised: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Society for Environmental Sustainability 2020
Abstract Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer an eco-friendly wastewater treatment technology primarily for decentralized locations. They support a dense growth of macrophytes which help in the reduction of water velocity, development of conducive microenvironments and provide adherence sites for microorganisms to develop biofilms. Several environmental and operational parameters are crucial for the efficient working of CWs wherein, suitable pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) are more significant. The performance of CWs has been enhanced significantly through effluent recirculation and artificial aeration. Removal of phosphorus proceeds via adsorption within media material, sedimentation, cation exchange, precipitation and uptake by macrophytes and the removal of nitrogen occurs mainly by microbial communities and macrophytic uptake. In colder climates, the bioaugmentation of microbial communities is required to increase the treatment efficiency. Various previous research findings showed several aspects of CWs that could potentially affect removal efficiency of the nutrients from the wastewater. However, maintaining suitable environmental and operational conditions for the effective operation of CWs remains a challenge. Therefore, the objectives of this review-based study are to provide the most favorable environmental conditions for the effective operation of CWs. Recent developments in operational and working parameters of CWs focusing on the selection of macrophytes and substrate material, carbon source, feeding mode, hydraulic loading rates and retention times are discussed. The study also provides effect of effluent recirculation, bioaugmentation of microbes, suitable C/N ratio and artificial aeration for the domestic wastewater treatment. Keywords Constructed wetlands · Domestic wastewater · Macrophytes · Sustainability · Treatment efficiency
Introduction Due to the lack of proper management and efficient treatment technology particularly in decentralized and remote locations, the majority of untreated wastewater is discharged * Saroj Kumar [email protected] Bhanu Pratap [email protected] Divya Dubey [email protected] Venkatesh Dutta [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
directly into nearby water bodies (Kumar and Dutta 2019a,b). These practices cause severe contamination of both surface as well as groundwater. The situation becomes worse with rapid urbanization (Abou-Elela et al. 2017). Various conventional technologies such as membrane bioreactors, activated sludge process and membrane separation are applied successfully for the management of do
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