Removal of Toxic Compounds from Water by Membrane Distillation (Case Study on Arsenic)
Contamination of groundwater by arsenic (As) is a global health hazard affecting more than 150 million people over 100 countries around the world. There are several treatment options available for removal of arsenic from water, both on-site and off-site,
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Removal of Toxic Compounds from Water by Membrane Distillation (Case Study on Arsenic) Alaa Kullab, Andrew R. Martin and Aapo Sääsk
Abstract Contamination of groundwater by arsenic (As) is a global health hazard affecting more than 150 million people over 100 countries around the world. There are several treatment options available for removal of arsenic from water, both on-site and off-site, and the most commonly used technologies are oxidation with filtration, biological oxidation, co-precipitation followed by adsorption onto coagulated flocks, ion exchange, adsorption onto various solid media and membrane technology. These technologies are well established for arsenic removal from aqueous solutions; yet all of them have drawbacks and their by-products can be a further potential source for secondary arsenic pollution. Membrane Distillation is promising technology that can be utilized in arsenic removal from contaminated water to meet the maximum contaminant level of 10 µg/L as set by WHO. However, only very few lab-scale investigations demonstrated the technology’s potential. Lab-scale tests and MD prototypes have been utilized in several arsenic removal tests and studies with different MD configurations and membranes materials. In addition, studies have been conducted on integrated systems with other treatment technologies and integrated systems producing several water and energy services. Test results showed that MD had achieved high removal percentages of more than 99% with stable production rates. Keywords Arsenic Membrane distillation
Removal technologies
Membrane technologies
Abbreviations WHO MCL
World Health Organization Maximum concentration limit
A. Kullab (&) A.R. Martin Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 68, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] A. Sääsk Scarab Development AB, Vasagatan 7, 111 20 Stockholm, Sweden © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 A. Figoli and A. Criscuoli (eds.), Sustainable Membrane Technology for Water and Wastewater Treatment, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5623-9_9
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NF MF RO UF MD TDS PTFE PP PE PVDF AGMD DCMD FVMD PET VMD FO COD HOVs VOCs LPP TRU PhACs SEM EDS
9.1
Nanofiltration Microfiltration Reverse osmosis Ultrafiltration Membrane distillation Total dissolved solids Polytetrafluoroethylene Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyvinylidene difluoride Air gap membrane distillation Direct contact membrane distillation Flash vaporization membrane distillation Polyethylene terephthalate Vacuum membrane distillation Forward osmosis Chemical oxygen demand Halogenated volatile organic compounds Volatile organic compounds Liquid-phase precipitation Transuranic waste Pharmaceutically active compounds Scanning electron microscope Energy dispersive spectroscopy
Introduction
Contamination of groundwater by arsenic (As) is a global health hazard affecting more than 150 million people over 100 countries around the world from USA to Thailand, China
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