Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Contaminated Raw Water Sources by Membrane Filtration
In recent years, pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) have been recognised as persistent residues mainly being discharged via municipal sewage effluents into the aquatic environment (Halling-Sørensen et al. 1998; Daugthon and Ternes 1999; Kümmerer 20
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Klaus KOmmerer (Editor)
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks
Second edition With 91 Figures and 77 Tables
~ Springer
Editor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Klaus KOmmerer University Hospital Freiburg Institute for Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemology Hugstetter StraBe 55 79106 Freiburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004106676 ISBN 978-3-662-09261-3 ISBN 978-3-662-09259-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 2004 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Buro Stasch ([email protected]) . Uwe Zimmermann, Bayreuth Production: Agata Oelschlager
Printed on acid-free paper
30/31111 AO - 5 4 3 2 1
SPIN 11538806
Foreword
When the first green wave appeared in the mid and late 1960s, it was considered a feasible task to solve pollution problems. The visible problems were mostly limited to point sources, and a comprehensive "end of the pipe technology" (= environmental technology) was available. It was even seriously discussed in the US that what was called "zero discharge" could be attained by 1985. It became clear in the early 1970S that zero discharge would be too expensive, and that we should also rely on the self purification ability of ecosystems. That called for the development of environmental and ecological models to assess the self purification capacity of ecosystems and to set up emission standards, considering the relationship between impacts and effects in the ecosystems. This idea is illustrated in Fig. 0.1. A model is used to relate an emission to its effect on the ecosystem and its components. The relationship is applied to select a good solution to environmental problems by application of environmental technology. Meanwhile, it has been disclosed that what we could call the environmental crisis is much more complex than we initially thought. We could, for instance, remove heavy metals from wastewater, but where should we dispose the sludge containing the heavy metals? Resource mana
