REMUS100 AUV with an integrated microfluidic system for explosives detection
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REMUS100 AUV with an integrated microfluidic system for explosives detection André A. Adams & Paul T. Charles & Scott P. Veitch & Alfred Hanson & Jeffrey R. Deschamps & Anne W. Kusterbeck
Received: 3 November 2012 / Revised: 12 February 2013 / Accepted: 19 February 2013 / Published online: 29 March 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (outside the USA) 2013
Abstract Quantitating explosive materials at trace concentrations in real-time on-site within the marine environment may prove critical to protecting civilians, waterways, and military personnel during this era of increased threat of widespread terroristic activity. Presented herein are results from recent field trials that demonstrate detection and quantitation of small nitroaromatic molecules using novel highthroughput microfluidic immunosensors (HTMI) to perform displacement-based immunoassays onboard a HYDROID REMUS100 autonomous underwater vehicle. Missions were conducted 2–3 m above the sea floor, and no HTMI failures were observed due to clogging from biomass
infiltration. Additionally, no device leaks were observed during the trials. HTMIs maintained immunoassay functionality during 2 h deployments, while continuously sampling seawater absent without any pretreatment at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. This 20-fold increase in the nominal flow rate of the assay resulted in an order of magnitude reduction in both lag and assay times. Contaminated seawater that contained 20–175 ppb trinitrotoluene was analyzed.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00216-013-6853-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Introduction
A. A. Adams (*) : P. T. Charles : J. R. Deschamps : A. W. Kusterbeck US Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering (Code 6900), 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA e-mail: [email protected] P. T. Charles e-mail: [email protected] J. R. Deschamps e-mail: [email protected] A. W. Kusterbeck e-mail: [email protected] S. P. Veitch : A. Hanson SubChem Systems, University of Rhode Island, Bay Campus, 65 Pier Rd, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA S. P. Veitch e-mail: [email protected] A. Hanson e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Remote sensing . Explosives . Microfluidics . Autonomous underwater vehicles . Displacement-based immunoassay
Efforts to monitor the composition of waterways about the continental United States and its territories are ongoing concerns for the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Department of Defense. Highly energetic small molecules classified as explosives and their associated degradation products pose major security and environmental concerns during this era in which the threat of domestic terroristic activity is heightened [1]. In addition to being a major cause for concern relative to security, the leaching of explosives from unidentified unexploded ordnance (UXO) in the vicinity of operational/defunct military installations and munitions testing grounds th
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