Research advances on ecotype and sub-ecotype differentiation of Prochlorococcus and its environmental adaptability
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search advances on ecotype and sub-ecotype differentiation of Prochlorococcus and its environmental adaptability 1,2*
Wei YAN
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, Xuejin FENG , Wei ZHANG , Rui ZHANG & Nianzhi JIAO
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College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China Received March 12, 2020; revised June 11, 2020; accepted June 23, 2020; published online August 18, 2020
Abstract Prochlorococcus, a group of marine cyanobacteria, is the most abundant and smallest oxygen-producing photosynthetic microorganism. It is mainly distributed in the euphotic zone of tropical and subtropical oceans and is a key participant in the marine biogeochemical cycle. Prochlorococcus has evolved continuously to adapt to the marine environment, and can be considered a recent evolutionary form of cyanobacteria, one of the most ancient life forms. The diverse ecotypes and subecotypes of Prochlorococcus increase its genomic diversity and environmental adaptability, allowing Prochlorococcus to become a dominant species in its environment. Here we review the ecotype classification and distribution, ecotype and subecotype differentiation, and environmental adaptability of Prochlorococcus. We also evaluate the role and significance of ecotype and sub-ecotype differentiation of Prochlorococcus, and discuss future research directions on this basis. Keywords Citation:
Prochlorococcus, Ecotype, Sub-ecotype, Environmental adaptation
Yan W, Feng X, Zhang W, Zhang R, Jiao N. 2020. Research advances on ecotype and sub-ecotype differentiation of Prochlorococcus and its environmental adaptability. Science China Earth Sciences, 63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9651-0
1. Introduction Our Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old, and in early geological history, there was no oxygen in the atmosphere. About 3.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria, which are the most ancient oxygen-producing photosynthetic microorganisms, appeared in the ocean and began to gradually produce oxygen, changing the oxygen-deficient atmosphere and forming an aerobic atmosphere (Des Marais, 2000; Olson, 2006). Prochlorococcus, a marine cyanobacteria, is the most abundant and smallest oxygen-producing photosynthetic microorganism. Prochlorococcus is mainly distributed in the euphotic zone of open oceans (45°N to 45°S), with a cell 4 5 −1 abundance of 10 –10 cells mL , and a global mean annual 27 abundance of 3×10 cells (Chisholm et al., 1992, 2017;
* Corresponding author (email: [email protected])
Partensky et al., 1999; Flombaum et al., 2013; Biller et al., 2015). Prochlorococcus makes up approximately 50% of photosynthetic biomass and net primary productivity in the regions where it is distributed, with a total carbon sequestration of four billion metric tons per year (Vaulot et al., 1995; Campbell et al., 1997; DuRand et al., 2001; Johnson et al., 2006; Flomba
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