Research Progress of the Antiviral Bioactivities of Natural Flavonoids
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REVIEW
Research Progress of the Antiviral Bioactivities of Natural Flavonoids Lin Wang1 · Junke Song1 · Ailin Liu1 · Bin Xiao2 · Sha Li1 · Zhang Wen1 · Yang Lu1 · Guanhua Du1 Received: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 24 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Most recent researches have focused on the health aspects of flavonoids for humans. Especially, different flavonoids have been investigated for their potential antiviral activities, and several natural flavonoids exhibited significant antiviral properties both in vitro and in vivo. This review provides a survey of the literature regarding the evidence for antiviral bioactivities of natural flavonoids, highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms of natural flavonoids on viruses, and presents the details of most reported flavonoids. Meanwhile, future perspectives on therapeutic applications of flavonoids against viral infections were discussed. Keywords Antiviral bioactivities · Natural flavonoids · Cellular and molecular mechanisms · Therapeutic applications
1 Introduction Flavonoids comprise one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites found in biologically active plants, including vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, wine, and tea. Flavonoids are low molecular weight compounds with a simple 15 carbon backbone, and there are more than 9000 varieties of flavonoids that have been structurally identified. The natural flavonoids are an important source of medicines [1]. Typically, flavonoids are divided into flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanonols, flavanes, flavanols, chalcones, anthocyanidins, aurones, isoflavones, biflavones [2]. The carbon atoms in flavonoid molecules are assembled in two benzene rings, commonly denoted as A and B, which are connected by an oxygen-containing pyrene ring. A common Congratulations to Academician Sun Handong for his outstanding scientific achievements and contributions. I sincerely thank him for his support and care for my work, and wish Professor Sun a happy eightieth birthday! Health and longevity! * Guanhua Du [email protected] 1
Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos School of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos 017000, China
2
part of the chemical structure of all flavonoids is the carbon skeleton based on the flavan system (C6–C3–C6) (Fig. 1). Aurone is a type of flavonoid with a heterocyclic ring containing a benzofuran element while biflavonoids are dimers of flavonoid moieties linked by a C–C or C–O–C bond. Condensation of A and B ring leads to the formation of chalcone, which undergoes cyclization involving isomerase and forms flavanone, the initial compound for the synthesis of other group flavonoids [3]. Although the var
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