Resilient Cities Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence

What does it mean to be a resilient city in the age of a changing climate and growing inequity? As urban populations grow, how do we create efficient transportation systems, access to healthy green space, and lower-carbon buildings for all citiz

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RESILIENT CITIES SECOND EDITION

Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence

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Resilient Cities OVERCOMING FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE

Resilient Cities OVERCOMING FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE Second Edition

Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer

Washington | Covelo | London

Copyright © 2017 Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, Suite 650, 2000 M St., NW, Washington, DC 20036. ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics. Library of Congress Control Number: 2016961434 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords: automobile dependence, autonomous vehicles, biofuels, climate change, environmental health, fossil fuel use, green architecture, green infrastructure, housing affordability, regenerative urbanism, renewable energy, social equity, solar energy, urban planning, urban policy, wind energy

Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Urban Resilience: Cities of Fear and Hope  1 Chapter 1: Invest in Renewable and Distributed Energy  23 Chapter 2: Create Sustainable Mobility Systems  53 Chapter 3: Foster Inclusive and Healthy Cities   89 Chapter 4: Shape Disaster Recovery for the Future   107 Chapter 5: Build Biophilic Urbanism in the City and Its Bioregion 127 Chapter 6: Produce a More Cyclical and Regenerative Metabolism 155 Conclusion: Growing Regeneratively  179 Appendix: Metabolism Tables 187 Notes  193 Bibliography  219 Index  239

Preface

When we put the first edition of this book together in the early part of the century, we were very hopeful that the agenda on resilience in cities would begin to include how to overcome fossil fuel dependence. This has undoubtedly happened, although we face new political challenges today. Yet this book remains one of hope for cities.

How did I get into this? —Peter Newman My involvement in these issues goes back to the first oil crisis in 1973, when I was a postdoctoral student at Stanford University in California. For the first time an external force had been imposed on the supply chain for gasoline. The OPEC-induced physical reductions in supply caused real panic in the community as people stayed at home or queued for hours for diminishing supplies. Social disarray began to be displayed as some people stole fuel; across society there were myths about giant caverns of oil being stored by greedy oil companies, and environmentalists were being accused of causing the decline. What stayed with me from this time was how suddenly a city can flip into a state of fear. It seemed to pa