Response of groundwater contamination hazard rating systems to variations in subsoil conditions beneath municipal solid
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Response of groundwater contamination hazard rating systems to variations in subsoil conditions beneath municipal solid waste (MSW) dumps in developing countries Amit Kumar 1
&
Manoj Datta 2 & B. R. Gurjar 3 & Arvind K. Nema 4 & R. K. Singh 5
Received: 10 December 2018 / Accepted: 4 June 2019 / Published online: 25 June 2019 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2019
Abstract Groundwater hazard rating systems are generally based on source-pathway-receptor approach. This study determines the response of rating system to the variations in subsurface conditions (generally designated as pathway component). Besides, the study also investigates the ability of the rating systems to respond to the changes in other components too (i.e., source and receptor components). For the purpose, three groups of sites with various combinations of site conditions, that may be encountered in the field, are employed, e.g., a smaller site located in sandy soil with receptors all around it using groundwater or a larger site having a thick clay layer underneath it and the receptors in vicinity using groundwater for drinking. For the analysis, four sets of corresponding rating scores are determined in this study from the selected eleven rating systems (ten earlier rating systems and mGW-HARS, a recently developed system). The investigation shows that mGW-HARAS performs the best for the three sets; for the remaining one set, the performance of mGW-HARAS is marginally lower than its predecessor, GW-HARAS. The sensitivity analysis of the selected rating systems with respect to four critical pathway parameters depicts that mGW-HARAS is sensitive to all the four parameters and has the highest sensitivity to soil permeability, i.e., 83% amongst all the selected rating systems. When these rating systems are applied to ten waste dumps from Indian cities, only one system, i.e., mGW-HARAS, is able to categorize these waste dumps in four hazard categories and responds suitably to the subsurface conditions encountered at these waste dumps. Keywords Rating systems . Waste dumps . Municipal waste . Groundwater contamination . Subsurface conditions
Introduction Water pollution is the major environmental concern nowadays. Although a wide range of water treatment technologies ranging from biological treatment to membranes (Chen et al.
2019; Zhang and Jiang 2018; Mo et al. 1983) are available, prevention of water contamination is still considered a better approach. Amongst the water resources available, groundwater is considered critical from the perspective of providing drinking water to the masses.
Editorial handling: Zhien Zhang * Amit Kumar [email protected]
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Indi
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