Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and ecological risk of soil adjacent to Saravan municipal solid waste disposal s
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Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and ecological risk of soil adjacent to Saravan municipal solid waste disposal site, Rasht, Iran Masoumeh Sadeghi Poor Sheijany & Fatemeh Shariati & Nafiseh Yaghmaeian Mahabadi & Hassan Karimzadegan
Received: 18 June 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This study was performed on the soil of the Hyrcanian forests near Saravan municipal solid waste dumpsite, Rasht, Iran. In this research, the contents of metals (As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and enrichment factor (EF), as well as pollution load index (PLI), were used to evaluate the metals contamination. The ecological risk factor (Eir ) and the potential ecological risk index (PERI) were applied to assess ecological risk. Pearson’s correlation coefficients and the principal component analysis (PCA) were used to determine the possible origin of the metals. The metal concentrations were as follows: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > As > Cd > Hg. The results of the statistical tests showed that, except for Cr, the other elements had a significant difference with the control station (P < 0.05). The results of the Pearson’s correlation coefficients, the PCA, and the Igeo revealed that the possible source of As, Hg, and Pb was the waste dumpsite activities and other anthropogenic origins, while Cd, Cu, Zn, and Cr probably have geogenic M. Sadeghi Poor Sheijany : F. Shariati (*) : H. Karimzadegan Department of Environment, Lahijan branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] N. Yaghmaeian Mahabadi Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
sources. The PLI was < 1, in unpolluted grade for all stations. The E ir of the metals ranged as follows Hg > Cd > As > Pb > Zn, Cu > Cr, which implies that Cd and Hg play a key role in determining the ecological risk. The mean value of the PERI was 192.11 that represented a moderate ecological risk. Keywords Principal component analysis . Hyrcanian forests . Pollution load index . Anthropogenic origin . Dumpsite activity
Introduction Soil, as a natural refining agent, acts as a chemical, biological, and physical sink. It receives the contaminants and serves as the storage site simultaneously. Following the increase in consumerism by human societies, waste production and emissions of pollutants such as heavy metals have also increased in the soil. Heavy metals are found naturally in the Earth’s crust. They enter the environment due to human activities and are converted into persistent and non-biodegradable contaminants in the ecosystems (Hou et al. 2019). Heavy metals enter the structure of living cells through the food chain, air, and water and can accumulate in the body and endanger the humans’ food security (Xu et al. 2016; Hou et al. 2017; Meng et al. 2018). Some heavy metals, such as Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo, and Mn, are essent
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