RETRACTED ARTICLE: Regional patterning of co-expressed genes in autistic brains
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(2019) 8:8
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Regional patterning of co‑expressed genes in autistic brains Fereshteh Izadi1 Received: 8 December 2017 / Revised: 23 November 2018 / Accepted: 4 February 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a family of neurodevelopmental disorders that affect different regions of the brain. Therefore, knowing which part of the brain is severely affected by ASDs needs to be more clear. Moreover, transcriptome data analysis in ASDs is mainly performed on brain samples, but the restricted availability of human ASDs brain tissues has remained as a large challenge. We were then interested in examining whether blood can compensate for brain samples in transcriptomic researches of the etiology of ASDs when brain tissue is not available. Herein, to identify key characteristic genes which potentially trigger the development of autism, a total of 563 samples covering different tissues/regions of brain obtained from GEO database were re-analyzed. The varied genes which passed the pre-processing filters were subjected to a network-driven integrative workflow to explore significant modules and underlying pathways. Expression profiles of 15,524 common genes obtained among all the mentioned data sets were parsed into 10-gene modules. A functional enrichment analysis of brain module preservation revealed basic functional pathways preserved between the blood and brain samples. The preserved intra-modular hub genes were significantly enriched in copper ion and chiefly mitochondrial functions including oxidation, ATP synthesis and TCA pathways. The blood-derived networks shared a number of top hub genes with cerebellum network. Additionally, genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism have been indicated as top hub genes in selected modules. Keywords Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) · Peripheral blood · Cerebellum · Co-expression network analysis
1 Introduction Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions with heterogeneous clinical manifestations which affect different parts of the brain. ASDs are characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests following neurological delicacy due to the dysfunctionality of neurons (Lai et al. 2014; Elsabbagh et al. 2012). ASDs are highly polygenic and multiple genes were reported to be implicated in autistic patients (Wang et al. 2015). However, the molecular abnormalities may take place in multiple regions of the brain or disturb regional connectivity in brain. So far, which brain region is highly involved Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13721-019-0187-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fereshteh Izadi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Farah Abad Road, Mazandaran 4818168984, Iran
in the etiology of ASDs, or whether they act as a whole, ha
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