Retrospective analysis of the Pico del Castillo de Vinuesa large historical landslide (Cordillera Iberica, Spain)
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P. Sanz de Ojeda I E. Sanz I R. Galindo I J. I. Escavy I I. Menéndez-Pidal
Retrospective analysis of the Pico del Castillo de Vinuesa large historical landslide (Cordillera Iberica, Spain)
Abstract The failure mechanism of a large historical landslide that caused the partial destruction of the Pico del Castillo de Vinuesa has been determined and characterized by a multidisciplinary approach. This study combines the application of complementary fields such as geological analyses, field and laboratory tests, geomorphological, geomechanical and hydrogeological characterizations, retrospective mathematical simulations, and absolute dating methods to determine the origin and age of the landslide. The instability event occurred shortly before 1600 BP and mobilized more than 30 million m3 of debris from the competent conglomerate layer that formed the ancient summit. The conglomerate is considered to have slid over a claystone layer dipping 12°, following a translational sliding model. The underlying claystone layer constituted the impervious base of the aquifer formed by the displaced material. The hydrogeological conditions played a key role in the slide by changing the mechanical properties of both the claystone and the conglomerate layers.
In Spain, there are several studies on large landslides reviewed by Corominas (1989) and Gutiérrez-Elorza (2008). In the Iberian Range and near the area of study of this work (Fig. 1), the Pico de Navas slump was studied by Sanz et al. (2016b). Also, in the same area, Sanz et al. (2017) described several landslide examples associated with moraines such as debris flows, avalanches, and translational landslides. The objectives of this work are the geological and geomorphological characterization of the Pico del Castillo de Vinuesa large landslide, the determination of the factors and causes that have controlled the landslide by a back-analysis process, and the dating of the paleo-landslide. These objectives have required reconstruction of the original topography, determination of the hydrogeological conditions, geomechanical characterization of the geological materials, and an analysis of the failure mechanism by means of a numerical model. Methodology
Keywords Historical landslide . Large landslide . Traslational landslide . Retrospective modeling . Numerical simulation Introduction and objectives The study of large historical or prehistoric landslides constitutes a line of research of great scientific and technical interest. The study of the layout, chronology, and return periods of large landslides is important, for example, to determine the risk of instabilities in land planning or in infrastructure development (Blais-Stevens and Septer 2008). Some authors suggest that the frequency of landslides is related to the climatic conditions being, for example, more frequent during the beginning of the Holocene due to the wetter climate during that epoch (Ochs et al. 2009). Therefore, dating of the displacement is crucial to assess the influence of the climatic conditions in the landsl
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