Review of the fuel properties, characterisation techniques, and pre-treatment technologies for oil palm empty fruit bunc
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Review of the fuel properties, characterisation techniques, and pre-treatment technologies for oil palm empty fruit bunches Bemgba B. Nyakuma 1 & Syie L. Wong 1 & Olagoke Oladokun 1,2 & Aliyu A. Bello 2 & Hambali U. Hambali 1 & Tuan Amran T. Abdullah 1 & Keng Y. Wong 3 Received: 16 July 2020 / Revised: 23 October 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The valorisation of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) in the palm oil industry is hampered by major challenges due to its poor fuel properties, which require comprehensive characterisation and pre-treatment. This paper presents an overview of the various technologies currently employed for the fuel characterisation and pre-treatment of OPEFB in the literature. Furthermore, the paper presents the current challenges and prospects of OPEFB characterisation and pre-treatment techniques. The reviews indicate that OPEFB characterisation studies in the literature are limited to the chemical, thermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic fuel properties. The authors opine that future characterisation studies are required to examine the physical, morphological, and microstructural properties of OPEFB. The paper also notes that drying, size reduction, and pelletisation are the most common pretreatment techniques for OPEFB. The various characterisation and pre-treatment techniques highlighted are prone to various limitations, which indicate that more effective strategies are required to save the energy, time, and cost for future OPEFB valorisation. The design, implementation, or adoption of hybrid biomass pre-treatment and conversion systems could effectively address the issues of poor OPEFB fuel properties, operational challenges, and product distribution. Keywords Fuel characterisation . Pre-treatment techniques . Oil palm . Empty fruit bunches
1 Introduction The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a tree crop native to West and Central Africa [1]. It is now cultivated commercially in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Colombia owing to its heliophytic nature [2]. Historically, oil palm was first introduced into Malaysia as an ornamental plant in the nineteenth century [3]. Over the years, oil palm has been transformed into a major agricultural commodity in Malaysia [4, 5], where it is cultivated for the production of crude palm oil (CPO) and other palm oil-related products [6]. The production * Bemgba B. Nyakuma [email protected] 1
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069 Bama Road, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
of CPO has experienced geometric growth from 2.5 million tonnes in 1980 to 20 million tonnes to date, thereby reinforcing Malaysia’s position as a prominent stakeholder in the global edible oil market [
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