Review: the Multiple Roles of Monocytic Microparticles
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REVIEW
Review: the Multiple Roles of Monocytic Microparticles Ahmad Tarmizi Abdul Halim,1 Nur Azrah Fazera Mohd Ariffin,1 and Maryam Azlan1,2
Abstract—Monocytic microparticles (mMP) are microparticles derived from human monocytes either under in vivo or in vitro conditions. The size of mMP is between 0.1 and 1.0 μm. Apart from the size range, mMPs are also identified based on phosphatidylserine and CD14 expression on their surface, though this is not always the case. Monocytic MP are critical players in inflammation, endothelial cell function, and blood coagulation. They exhibit dual function by either helping the progression of such conditions or limiting it, depending on certain factors. Furthermore, the numbers of mMP are elevated in some autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and metabolic disorders. However, it is unknown whether mMP play an active role in these diseases or are simply biomarkers. The mechanism of mMP modulation is yet to be identified. In this review, we highlight the mechanism of mMP formation and the roles that they play in inflammation, blood coagulation, and different disease settings. KEY WORDS: monocytes; monocytic microparticles; inflammation; blood coagulation; monocyte subsets; phosphatidylserine.
INTRODUCTION Microparticles are exocytic products derived from plasma membrane ranging between 0.1 and 1.0 μm in diameter [1]. Emerging from virtually any type of eukaryotic cells, microparticles display their mother cell identity in terms of expression of surface receptors and cytosolic proteins as well as genetic information in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA [2]. Given that they arise as a result from the rearrangement of the plasma membrane, microparticles also express phosphatidylserine (PS) on their surface. This is not always the case, however. Depending on different cellular stimulation and experimental setting, microparticles may or may not express PS [3] and their mother cell antigen [4]. There is also a need to standardize the microparticle detection criteria. Many studies use mother cell antigen detection on flow cytometry to positively define microparticles, for example, anti-CD105 on endothelial cell-derived microparticles [5] and anti1
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed at School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected]
CD14 on monocyte-derived microparticles [6]. A more recent study, however, underlines the need to use several negative controls as opposed to one positive control to definitively pinpoint microparticle origin as false positive signals [4] were observed in their study. As microparticles are shed by different type of cells, different vesiculation may correlate with different disease settings. To date, it has been established that microparticles play active roles in inflammation [7], hemostasis, thrombosis [8], and angiogenesis [9]. In ad
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