Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 217
CONTENTSForewordPrefaceChiral Pesticides: Identification, Description, and Environmental ImplicationsElin M. Ulrich, Candice N. Morrison, Michael R. Goldsmith, and William T. ForemanStrategies for Chromium Bioremediation of Tannery Effluent Satyendra Kuma
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Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2 History of Tannage .......................................................................................................... 3 Chrome Tanning Processes ............................................................................................. 4 Chromium-Laden Effluent Discharge ............................................................................. 5 Toxicity of Chromium ..................................................................................................... 6 Chromium as a Micronutrient ......................................................................................... 7 Bioremediation................................................................................................................ 7.1 Biosorption............................................................................................................. 7.2 Bioaccumulation .................................................................................................... 7.3 Bioreduction........................................................................................................... 8 Bioremediation by Immobilized Biomass and Elution of Chromium ............................ 9 Simultaneous Bioremediation of Chromium and Phenolics ........................................... 10 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 11 Summary ......................................................................................................................... References ...............................................................................................................................
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Introduction
Pollution of the environment by toxic metals results largely from industrial activities, although sources such as agriculture and sewage disposal also contribute to some extent (Nriagu and Pacyna 1989). Toxic metallic species, once mobilized into the environment, tend to persist, circulate, and eventually accumulate at different trophic levels in members of the food chain. Ultimately, metal pollutants pose a serious S.K. Garg (*) • M. Tripathi Department of Microbiology, Centre of Excellence, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad 224001, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] T. Srinath Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India e-mail: [email protected] D.M. Whitacre (ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 217, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-2329-4_2, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
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threat to the environment, and affect plants, animals, and humans (Olson and Foster 1956; Reidske 1956; Sauter et al. 1976; Levis and Bianchi 1982; Mance
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