Revisiting cancer hallmarks: insights from the interplay between oxidative stress and non-coding RNAs
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Molecular Biomedicine
REVIEW
Open Access
Revisiting cancer hallmarks: insights from the interplay between oxidative stress and non-coding RNAs Li Zhou1†, Zhe Zhang1†, Zhao Huang1†, Edouard Nice2, Bingwen Zou3* and Canhua Huang1,4*
Abstract Cancer is one of the most common disease worldwide, with complex changes and certain traits which have been described as “The Hallmarks of Cancer.” Despite increasing studies on in-depth investigation of these hallmarks, the molecular mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis have still not yet been fully defined. Recently, accumulating evidence supports the observation that microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), two main classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), regulate most cancer hallmarks through their binding with DNA, RNA or proteins, or encoding small peptides. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the byproducts generated during metabolic processes, are known to regulate every step of tumorigenesis by acting as second messengers in cancer cells. The disturbance in ROS homeostasis leads to a specific pathological state termed “oxidative stress”, which plays essential roles in regulation of cancer progression. In addition, the interplay between oxidative stress and ncRNAs is found to regulate the expression of multiple genes and the activation of several signaling pathways involved in cancer hallmarks, revealing a potential mechanistic relationship involving ncRNAs, oxidative stress and cancer. In this review, we provide evidence that shows the essential role of ncRNAs and the interplay between oxidative stress and ncRNAs in regulating cancer hallmarks, which may expand our understanding of ncRNAs in the cancer development from the new perspective. Keywords: ncRNAs, Oxidative stress, ROS, Cancer hallmarks
Introduction Cancer initiation and progression are caused by alterations in key processes, which allow cancer cells to acquire specific characteristics summarized by Hanahan and Weinberg as “The Hallmarks of Cancer” [1]. They have proposed eight hallmarks (sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] † Li Zhou, Zhe Zhang and Zhao Huang contributed equally to this work. 3 Department of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, resisting cell death, reprogramming energy metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction) and two enabling characteristics (genome instability and mutation and tumor-promoting inflammation) in which successive alterations accumulate in multiple protein-coding and nonco
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