Revisiting the Advection-Dispersion Model Testing an Alternative
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Revisiting the Advection-Dispersion Model Testing an Alternative Ivars Neretnieks Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT Some of the basic assumptions of the Advection-Dispersion model, AD-model, are revisited. That model assumes a continuous mixing along the flowpath similar to Fickian diffusion. This implies that there is a constant dispersion length irrespective of observation distance. This is contrary to most field observations. The properties of an alternative model based on the assumption that individual water packages can retain their identity over long distances are investigated. The latter model is called the Multi-Channel model, MCh-model. Inherent in the latter model is that if the waters in the different pathways are collected and mixed, the "dispersion length" is proportional to observation distance. Using diffusion theory it is investigated over which distances or contact times, adjacent water packages will keep their identity. It is found that for a contact time of 10 hours, two streams, each wider than 6 mm, that flow side by side, will not have lost their identity. For 1000 hours contact time the minimum width is 6 cm. The MCh and AD-models were found to have very similar Residence Time Distributions, RTD, for Peclet numbers larger than 3. A generalized relation between flowrate and residence time is developed, including the so-called cubic law and constant aperture assumptions. Using the generalized relation, surprisingly it is found that for a system that has the same average flow volume and average flowrate the form of the RTD curves are the same irrespective of the form of the relation. Both models are also compared for a system where there is strong interaction of the solute with the rock matrix. In this case it is assumed that the solute can diffuse into and out of the fracture walls and also to sorb on the micro-fractures of the matrix. The so-called Flow Wetted Surface, FWS, between the flowing water in the fracture and the rock is a key entity in such systems. It is found that the AD-model predicts much later arrivals and lower concentrations than does the MCh-model for strongly sorbing solutes. The conditions are explored for when in-filling particles in the fracture will not be equilibrated but will act as if there was seemingly a much larger FWS. It is found that for strongly sorbing tracers, relatively small particles can act in this way for systems and conditions that are typical of many tracer tests. Conditions for when uptake into stagnant zones of water in the fracture itself could be important are also explored. It is found that this mechanism can be quite important in fractures with large apertures. The assumption that the tracer residence time found by cautiously injecting a small stream of traced water represents the residence time in the whole fracture is explored. It is found that the traced stream can potentially sample a much larger fraction of the fracture than the ratio between the traced flowrate and t
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