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Abstract The diatom Rhopalodia gibba harbours unusual cell inclusions termed spheroid bodies. Those are separated from the host cytoplasm by an additional membrane, vertically transmitted to the next generation and provide nitrogen autonomy to their host cell. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses revealed a cyanobacterial origin of these obligate endosymbionts. Phylogenetic data and fossil records suggest that the origin of this endosymbiosis dates back to late Eocene to Miocene (~25 Ma). Genomic analyses support this determination, as the genomic changes in the spheroid body suggest that the endosymbiosis is in a relatively early stage. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Pennate Diatom Rhopalodia gibba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Origin of the Spheroid Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Localisation of the Nitrogen Fixing Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Initial Characterisation of the Spheroid Body Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genome Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobile Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G/C Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DNA Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

168 168 170 171 171 172 173 174 174 174

S. Adler • E.M. Trapp • C. Dede • S. Zauner (*) Laboratorium fu¨r Zellbiologie, Philipps-Universita¨t Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] U.G. Maier Laboratorium fu¨r Zellbiologie, Philipps-Universita¨t Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany LOEWE-Zentrum fu¨r Synthetische Mikrobiologie (SynMikro), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany W. Lo¨ffelhardt (ed.), Endosymbiosis, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5_9, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014

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S. Adler et al.

The UCYN-A/Spheroid Body Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 From Free-Living Cyanobacter

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