Risk and Resilience among Children with Incarcerated Parents: Examining Heterogeneity in Delinquency and School Outcomes
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Risk and Resilience among Children with Incarcerated Parents: Examining Heterogeneity in Delinquency and School Outcomes Kristen P. Kremer 1 Cyanea Y. S. Poon2 Cherrelle L. Jones2 Matthew A. Hagler2 Janis B. Kupersmidt3 Rebecca L. Stelter3 Kathryn N. Stump3 Jean E. Rhodes2 ●
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Accepted: 3 September 2020 / Published online: 15 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study utilized latent profile analysis with 1088 children with incarcerated parents to identify heterogeneity in behavioral and social problems. Four profiles were observed. The majority (61%) were well-adjusted with low behavioral problems at school and less affiliation with antisocial friends. Youth classified as overactive (20%) displayed frequent disruptive and hyperactive behaviors, while isolated youth (14%) exhibited high loneliness and depression and were most likely to be bullied. Youth in the aggressive profile (7%) exhibited frequent aggression, school behavioral problems, and affiliation with antisocial friends. Although the aggressive profile represented the smallest proportion of the sample, their level of delinquent behavior and number of negative school outcomes were the most concerning. Examination of risk and protective factors by profile found overactive and isolated youth to be more likely to have two or more adults in the household compared to well-adjusted and aggressive youth. Meanwhile, well-adjusted youth had significantly higher school connectedness, parent support, and positive teacher relationships. Aggressive youth were least likely to be raised by a married caregiver. Universal behavioral assessments of children with incarcerated parents would be useful in identifying youth at risk for escalating or persistent delinquency or hyperactivity. Keywords Children with incarcerated parents Latent profile analyses Delinquency Externalizing behavior Internalizing behavior ●
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Highlights Most children with incarcerated parents have positive behavioral and school outcomes. ● 20% of youth displayed hyperactivity, while 14% reported loneliness and bullying. ● Youth at highest risk for delinquency represented only 7% of the sample. ●
Over 8 million children—nearly 1 in 14—have at least one parent currently or previously incarcerated (Haskins and Jacobsen 2017; Murphey and Cooper 2015). These children are innocent victims of the United States’ history of mass
* Kristen P. Kremer [email protected] 1
Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Kansas State University, 204 Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Innovation Research & Training, Durham, NC, USA
incarceration, particularly of African American adults. Indeed, African Americans are imprisoned at dramatically higher rates than European Americans (5.8 and 1.8 times more likely for males and females, respectively) (Carson 2020) and, sinc
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