Parenting Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Parents of Children With and Without Oppositional Defiant Disorde
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Parenting Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Parents of Children With and Without Oppositional Defiant Disorder: A Three‑Wave Longitudinal Study Ting He1 · Jinni Su2 · Yongqiang Jiang1 · Shaozheng Qin3 · Peilian Chi4 · Xiuyun Lin1,5
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Parents of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) experience greater stress in parenting and more parental depressive symptoms. The study examined the longitudinal and bidirectional associations between three dimensions of parenting stress (i.e., parental distress, parent–child dysfunctional interaction, and difficult child) and parental depressive symptoms from a sample of Chinese parents of children with or without ODD. The sample included 256 parents of children with ODD and 265 parents of children without ODD, along with children’s teachers. Using a three wave, cross-lagged design, results showed that parents of children with ODD suffered higher levels of parenting stress across three dimensions. For both groups, the links between parental depressive symptoms and subsequent parental distress and difficult child were unidirectional, whereas the relation between parental depressive symptoms and parent–child dysfunctional interaction was bidirectional. Multi-group analysis found that there was no significant difference in the relations between parenting stress and depressive symptoms between the ODD and non-ODD groups. The findings indicated that children with ODD require comprehensive services to address the stress of their parents. The study also provided support for the dynamic and longitudinal relations between specific dimensions of parenting stress and depressive symptoms among parents of children with or without ODD. Keywords Oppositional defiant disorder · Parenting stress · Parental depressive symptoms · Longitudinal
Introduction Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized as a recurrent pattern of emotional and behavioral symptoms, including angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness toward authority figures or, for children and adolescents, toward adults [1]. As one of the most prevalent mental health disorders among children, it is
estimated that the prevalence rates for ODD range between 1 and 11%, with an overall average of approximate 3.3%, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition [1]. Well-established in previous research, children diagnosed with ODD tend to disrupt interpersonal harmony and perform worse academically [2–4]. Raising children with ODD also negatively influence the parents, including increase in parenting stress and parental 1
Ting He [email protected]
Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2
Jinni Su [email protected]
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
3
Yongqiang Jiang [email protected]
State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Ne
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