Rock physics modeling for assessing gas hydrate and free gas: a case study in the Cascadia accretionary prism
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Rock physics modeling for assessing gas hydrate and free gas: a case study in the Cascadia accretionary prism Kalachand Sain • Ranjana Ghosh • Maheswar Ojha
Received: 27 November 2009 / Accepted: 11 May 2010 / Published online: 27 May 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abstract We investigate the estimation of gas hydrate and free gas concentration using various rock physics models in the Cascadia accretionary prism, which is one of the most intensively studied regions of natural gas hydrate occurrences. Surface seismic reflection data is the most useful and cost-effective in deriving seismic velocity, and hence estimating gas hydrate and free gas across a BSR with depth, if a proper background (without gas hydrate and free gas) velocity is chosen. We have used effective medium theory of Helgerud et al. (EMTH) and, a combination of self-consistent approximation and differential effective medium (SCADEM) theory coupled with smoothing approximation for crystalline aggregate. Using the SCA-DEM (non-loadbearing) and EMTH (load-bearing) modeling, we calculate the average saturations of gas hydrate as 17 and 19%, respectively within *100 m thick sedimentary column using velocity, derived from the surface seismic data. The saturations of gas hydrate are estimated as 15 and 18% using the SCA-DEM, and 20 and 25% using EMTH from the logging-while-drilling and wire-line sonic velocities, respectively. Estimations of gas hydrate from Poisson’s ratio are in average 50% for EMTH and 10% for SCA-DEM theory. We obtain the maximum saturation of free gas as 1–2% by employing the SCA-DEM theory either to seismic or sonic velocities, whereas the free-gas saturation varies between 0.1 and 0.4% for EMTH model. The gas hydrate K. Sain (&) R. Ghosh M. Ojha National Geophysical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 606, India e-mail: [email protected] R. Ghosh e-mail: [email protected] M. Ojha e-mail: [email protected]
saturation estimated from the sonic velocity and the free gas saturation derived from both the seismic and sonic velocities using the SCA-DEM modeling match quite well with those determined from the pressure core data in the study region. Keywords Rock physics model Reference velocity Effective medium theory BSR Pressure core
Introduction Quantifications of natural gas hydrate and free gas are essential in evaluating their resource potential and impacts on environment. Methane stored within and trapped as free gas below hydrate-bearing sediments is almost double the fossil fuels (crude oil, natural gas and coal). The global reserve of gas trapped in gas hydrate is speculated to be 1–120 9 1015 m3 (Makogon et al. 2007; Klauda and Sandler 2005; Milkov 2004; Ahlbrandt 2002; Kvenvolden 1998a, b), however reliable estimates are yet to be made. Natural gas hydrate is solid, non-stoichiometric compounds of gas molecules (mainly methane) and water, which form when the constituents come into contact at l
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