Role of atmospheric factors in forcing Arctic sea ice variability
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Role of atmospheric factors in forcing Arctic sea ice variability Yu Liang1, 2, 3, 4, Haibo Bi1, 2, 3*, Yunhe Wang1, 2, 3, 4, Zehua Zhang1, 2, 3, Haijun Huang1, 2, 3, 4* 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Qingdao 266071, China 2 Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao
266237, China 3 Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Received 28 June 2019; accepted 27 September 2019 © Chinese Society for Oceanography and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
The spatial structure of the Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) variability and the connection to atmospheric as well as radiative forcing during winter and summer for the 1979–2017 period are investigated. The interannual variability with different spatial characteristics of SIC in summer and winter is extracted using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The present study confirms that the atmospheric circulation has a strong influence on the SIC through both dynamic and thermodynamic processes, as the heat flux anomalies in summer are radiatively forced while those in winter contain both radiative and “circulation-induced” components. Thus, atmospheric fluctuations have an explicit and extensive influence to the SIC through complex mechanisms during both seasons. Moreover, analysis of a variety of atmospheric variables indicates that the primary mechanism about specific regional SIC patterns in Arctic marginal seas are different with special characteristics. Key words: sea ice concentration, atmospheric circulation, surface radiation Citation: Liang Yu, Bi Haibo, Wang Yunhe, Zhang Zehua, Huang Haijun. 2020. Role of atmospheric factors in forcing Arctic sea ice variability. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 39(9): 60–72, doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1629-6
1 Introduction In recent decades, the Arctic climate system has been undergoing dramatic changes in terms of global warming (Hinzman et al., 2005; Comiso and Hall, 2014; Johannessen et al., 2004). Dramatically declining sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been observed over the last decades (Comiso, 2006; Nghiem et al., 2007; Comiso et al., 2008). Owing to the widespread distribution in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, sea ice serves as a vital indicator of the climate system due to its fundamental role in altering the surface albedo (Screen and Simmonds, 2010; Serreze and Barry, 2011), regulating atmosphere-sea interactions (Serreze et al., 2009) and modulating the global energy/fresh water balance (Eisen and Kottmeier, 2000; Bamber et al., 2018). There is a consensus that interannual variability of sea ice is largely controlled by the changes in atmospheric circulation regimes (Deser et al., 2000; Rigor et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2009; Ogi et al., 2016). The atmospheric forcing over the Arctic is generally characterized b
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