Role of B cells and the aging brain in stroke recovery and treatment
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Role of B cells and the aging brain in stroke recovery and treatment E. B. Engler-Chiurazzi E. C. K. Wan & X. Ren
&
K. L. Monaghan &
Received: 8 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 # American Aging Association 2020
Abstract As mitigation of brain aging continues to be a key public health priority, a wholistic and comprehensive consideration of the aging body has identified immunosenescence as a potential contributor to agerelated brain injury and disease. Importantly, the nervous and immune systems engage in bidirectional communication and can exert profound influence on each other. Emerging evidence supports numerous impacts of innate, inflammatory immune responses and adaptive T cell– mediated immunity in neurological function and diseased or injured brain states, such as stroke. Indeed, a growing E. B. Engler-Chiurazzi : E. C. K. Wan : X. Ren Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
E. C. K. Wan e-mail: [email protected] X. Ren e-mail: [email protected] E. B. Engler-Chiurazzi (*) : K. L. Monaghan : E. C. K. Wan : X. Ren Center for Basic & Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA e-mail: [email protected]
K. L. Monaghan e-mail: [email protected] K. L. Monaghan : E. C. K. Wan : X. Ren Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
body of evidence supports key impacts of brain-resident immune cell activation and peripheral immune infiltration in both the post-stroke acute injury phase and the longterm recovery period. As such, modulation of the immune system is an attractive strategy for novel therapeutic interventions for a devastating age-related brain injury for which there are few readily available neuroprotective treatments or neurorestorative approaches. However, the role of B cells in the context of brain function, and specifically in response to stroke, has not been thoroughly elucidated and remains controversial, leaving our understanding of neuroimmune interactions incomplete. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that B cells are not pathogenic contributors to stroke injury, and in fact may facilitate functional recovery, supporting their potential value as novel therapeutic targets. By summarizing the current knowledge of the role of B cells in stroke pathology and recovery and interpreting their role in the context of their interactions with other immune cells as well as the immunosenescence cascades that alter their function in aged populations, this review supports an increased understanding of the complex interplay between the nervous and immune systems in the context of brain aging, injury, and disease. Keywords Stroke . Aging . Neuroimmunology . B cell
Introduction The world’s population is aging (Vaupel 2010). Specifically in the USA, by the year 2050, nearly 85 million
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people are projected to be over 65 years of age, constituting more
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