Role of Biotechnology in Climate Resilient Agriculture

“Resilience of agriculture to climate change” is a serious matter that should be the focus of all scientific, economic, political and social interventions to warrant sustainable life on this planet ‘Earth’. Changing climate, somehow, affects all forms of

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mate, Plant and Vegetation Growth

Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth

Shah Fahad  •  Mirza Hasanuzzaman Mukhtar Alam • Hidayat Ullah Muhammad Saeed  •  Imtiaz Ali Khan Muhammad Adnan Editors

Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth

Editors Shah Fahad Hainan Key Laboratory For Sustaianable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops Hainan University Haikou, Hainan, China Department of Agronomy The University of Haripur Haripur, Pakistan Department of Agriculture The University of Swabi Swabi, Pakistan

Mirza Hasanuzzaman Department of Agronomy Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka, Bangladesh Hidayat Ullah Department of Agriculture The University of Swabi Ambar, Pakistan Imtiaz Ali Khan The University of Swabi Ambar, Pakistan

Mukhtar Alam Departm​ent of Agriculture​ The University of Swabi Ambar, Pakistan Muhammad Saeed Department of Agriculture The University of Swabi Ambar, Pakistan Muhammad Adnan Department of Agriculture The University of Swabi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

ISBN 978-3-030-49731-6    ISBN 978-3-030-49732-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49732-3 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Contents

1 Carbon Cycle in Response to Global Warming������������������������������������    1 Iqra Mehmood, Amna Bari, Shakeel Irshad, Fatima Khalid, Sehrish Liaqat, Hamza Anjum, and Shah Fahad 2 Agricultural Land Degradation: Processes and Problems Undermining Future Food Security ������������   17 Akbar Hossain, Timothy J. Krupnik, Jagadish Timsina, M. Golam Mahboob, Apurbo Kumar Chaki, Muhammad Farooq, Rajan Bhatt, Shah Fahad, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman 3 Promising Techno