Role of Genome-Wide Association Studies in Host Genetics: Toward Understanding of Microbiome Association
The participation of the microbiome is well-established in the modulation of health and diseases in humans. The microbiome-human interface has a tremendous impact on metabolic functions, immune system, and the overall well-being. The emergence of microbio
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Role of Genome-Wide Association Studies in Host Genetics: Toward Understanding of Microbiome Association Rashmi Dahiya, Taj Mohammad, and Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
Abstract
The participation of the microbiome is well-established in the modulation of health and diseases in humans. The microbiome-human interface has a tremendous impact on metabolic functions, immune system, and the overall well-being. The emergence of microbiome genome-wide association studies has extensively facilitated our knowledge of interactions that exist between the microbiome and genetic variants. Many additional discoveries were possible because of the advent of highly sophisticated and sensitive next-generation sequencing technologies which enabled our understanding of the complex interaction between distinct microbial taxa’s and host genetics. In this chapter, we highlight the significance of microbiome in human health, its understanding through large-scale microbiome genome-wide association studies, and its implication as a therapeutic target. Keywords
Genome-wide association · Microbiome-GWAS · Host microbiota · Hostpathogen interaction · Next-generation sequencing · Microbial genome
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Introduction
The microbiome consists of trillions of microbial cells residing in the organism which are involved in overall modulation of health and metabolism (Ursell et al. 2012). Microbiome has evolved parallelly with the organism birth and is tremendously affected by the environmental influences and diets (Turnbaugh et al. 2007). The emergence of new microbial communities pose a serious challenge R. Dahiya · T. Mohammad · M. I. Hassan (*) Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. Singh (ed.), Metagenomic Systems Biology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8562-3_2
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toward human wellness and disease status. Moreover, dysbiosis (microbiome imbalance) is associated with numerous disease which include inflammatory, immunological, neurological, skin, and metabolic disorders (Kho and Lal 2018). Many health consequences due to the presence of microbiome in host have led to the development of newer therapeutics focusing on manipulating the host microbiome. This can be achieved either through the removal of detrimental or re-establishing the advantageous microbial taxa to rewire the functional roles they execute. However, these approaches have proven challenging due to limited essential knowledge. A thorough understanding of outsized microbial taxa by their culturing in laboratories is highly cumbersome and problematic. Comprehensive cataloging of the individual microbiome community pose difficulty in the understanding of their collective functions and host-pathogen interactions (Kurilshikov et al. 2017). Recent technological advancements in the field of next-generation sequencing have enabled the exploration of the complex interaction between microbial communities and how the host genomes facilitated their develo
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