Role of melatonin in the treatment of COVID-19; as an adjuvant through cluster differentiation 147 (CD147)
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MINI REVIEW ARTICLE
Role of melatonin in the treatment of COVID-19; as an adjuvant through cluster differentiation 147 (CD147) Ahmet Ozer Sehirli1 · Serkan Sayiner2 · Nedime Serakinci3,4 Received: 25 June 2020 / Revised: 2 September 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak quickly has turned into a pandemic. However, no specific antiviral agent is yet available. In this communication, we aimed to evaluate the significance of CD147 protein and the potential protective effect of melatonin that is mediated by this protein in COVID-19. CD147 is a glycoprotein that is responsible for the cytokine storm in the lungs through the mediation of viral invasion. Melatonin use previously was shown to reduce cardiac damage by blocking the CD147 activity. Hence, melatonin, a safe drug, may prevent severe symptoms, reduce symptom severity and the adverse effects of the other antiviral drugs in COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, the use of melatonin, which is reduced in the elderly and immune-compromised patients, should be considered as an adjuvant through its CD147 suppressor and immunomodulatory effect. Keywords SARS-CoV-2 · COVID-19 · CD147 · Melatonin · Immunomodulator
Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses, which affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous system, and may infect both humans and animals [1, 2]. In recent years, the coronavirus subtypes, SARS and MERS, through their contagiousness have led to the deaths of thousands of people. The current epidemic, namely, COVID-19 discovered in Wuhan, China, has become a global pandemic in a relatively * Ahmet Ozer Sehirli [email protected] * Serkan Sayiner [email protected] * Nedime Serakinci [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
2
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
3
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
4
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus
short period. Despite the use of antiviral, anti-malarial, corticosteroid treatments and mechanical respiratory support, no specific treatment has been found for COVID-19, and mortality rates remain high, particularly in the elderly section of society [3].
CD147 and coronavirus CoVs have been reported as non-segmented RNA viruses. CoVs leads to enzootic infections, particularly in birds and mammals, and are highly fatal in humans [4]. These viruses carry four known structural proteins; envelope (E), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M) and spike (S) proteins. [5]. The S protein is the critical constituent during the cellular invasion of SARS-CoV-2 [6]. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is the host cellular receptor (ACE2) for SARS-CoV-2 and expressed in different tissues [7–10]. The
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