Role of Organic and Inorganic Chemicals in Plant-Stress Mitigation
All kinds of abiotic stress factors are probably the most limiting for crop quality and productivity, comprising economical output and human food supply. Among them, drought, salinity, heavy metal, ultraviolet radiations, and floods are the multidimension
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Abstract
All kinds of abiotic stress factors are probably the most limiting for crop quality and productivity, comprising economical output and human food supply. Among them, drought, salinity, heavy metal, ultraviolet radiations, and floods are the multidimensional stress factors affecting plants at various levels of their organization. Thus, the effects of these stresses are often manifested at morphophysiological, biochemical, and molecular level, such as inhibition of growth, accumulation of compatible organic solutes, and changes in phytohormones endogenous contents. A number of phospholipid systems are activated by abiotic stress factors, generating a diverse array of messenger molecules, some of which may function upstream of the osmotic stress-activated protein kinases. Today, the role of organic chemicals (e.g., proline, plant growth regulators, and ascorbic acid) and inorganic chemicals (e.g., nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nutrient, e.g., sulfur) are recently emerged and also widely used approaches for stress mitigation in plant systems. All these molecules modify constitutively expressed transcription factors, leading to the expression of early response transcriptional activators, which then activate downstream stress tolerance effector genes, responsible for stress mitigation. This chapter briefly highlights the role of each organic and inorganic molecule in modern day stress mitigation strategy. Keywords
Nitric oxide Hydrogen peroxide Sulfur Proline Plant growth regulators
T.A. Khan (*) Department of Applied Biotechnology, Sur College of Applied Sciences, Sur 411, Oman e-mail: [email protected] M. Mazid Department of Botany, Post Graduate College, Bisalpur, Pilibhit 262001, India S. Quddusi Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow 227106, India R.K. Gaur and P. Sharma (eds.), Approaches to Plant Stress and their Management, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1620-9_3, # Springer India 2014
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Introduction Plants constantly monitor their surroundings and make appropriate metabolic, structural and physiological adjustments to accommodate environmental changes. Within the framework of genetic background, plant productivity is dependent on this constant adjustment of gene expression in response to environmental cues. The genome-environment interaction is an essential focus for the elucidation of the nature of the phenotypic variations leading to successful stress tolerance responses. This interaction is also a key determinant to plant tissue composition related to crop quality factors, as well as plant anatomy, morphology, and development. Plant integrates a diverse range of environmental and metabolic signals via a network of interacting signal transduction pathways that together regulate gene expression during biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants make use of an interacting network of common pathway and components to optimize the stress tolerance responses called cross-tolerance. A common signaling system involving hormones, oxidant, and antioxidants has evolved to provid
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