Route choice effects of changes from a zonal to a distance-based fare structure in a regional public transport network
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Route choice effects of changes from a zonal to a distance‑based fare structure in a regional public transport network Saeed Maadi1,2 · Jan‑Dirk Schmöcker3 Accepted: 8 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract By using a hypothetical transport network that reflects common origin and destination relations in a regional transport network, we illustrate the effects of changing fares from a zonal to a distance-based structure. We take the zonal fare as a base case and model the effect of different fare/km, including non-additive fares, where the marginal price per km is decreasing with a typical regional network. We restrict our analysis to a fixed total demand and consider the effects of fares on route choice including station access choice and walking to nearby destinations. The results indicate some general trends that can be expected, such as the fare range in order to achieve similar fare revenue incomes. At this fare parity point the total travel time tends to be reduced in the distance-based case but the flows become less dispersed. Furthermore, in case of a non-additive distance-based fare, we show that total utility could be improved at the fare parity point compared to additive fares. Keywords Public transport · Pricing policy · Fare structures · Non-additive fares
1 Introduction 1.1 Background Fare structure changes can have significant impacts on ridership and customer satisfaction and general insights are limited. This has been discussed in a report published * Jan‑Dirk Schmöcker [email protected]‑u.ac.jp Saeed Maadi [email protected] 1
Urban Big Data Centre, Department of Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
2
School of Engineering, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
3
Department of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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for the European Metropolitan Transport Authorities (EMTA) by Schmöcker et al. (2017) and motivates the present work. The report describes the need for such an analysis since significant structural changes are an important current issue for a number of transport providers/authorities. Specifically experiences from the Netherlands show that changes from zonal to distance-based fare structures can lead to significant impacts for the operator as well as for the travellers with some winners and some losers. There are numerous contributions aiming to establish price sensitivity for changes in fare levels (Lam and Zhou 2000; Lo et al. 2003; Jørgensen and Preston 2007; Farber et al. 2014), but the available (academic) literature on systematically assessing the effects of more significant fare structure changes, such as the changes from a flat or zonal to a distance-based fare system is surprisingly scarce. There are some empirical studies that have shown that distance-based fare structures can improve social equity and transport ridership compared to flat fares (Daskin et al. 1988; Tsai et al. 2008). Farber et al. (2014) discuss with a case study of t
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