Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebral Fractures
The sacral vertebra, also known as sacrum, is composed of five vertebral bodies, which are articulate with L5 and coccygeal vertebral body. The anterosuperior apophysis is called sacral promontory, and there are four pairs of anterior sacral foramina on b
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Differential Diagnosis of Fracture
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Differential Diagnosis of Fracture
Yingze Zhang Editor
Differential Diagnosis of Fracture
Editor Yingze Zhang Department of Orthopaedics The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang China
ISBN 978-981-13-8338-0 ISBN 978-981-13-8339-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8339-7 The print edition is not for sale in the Mainland of China. Customers from the Mainland of China please order the print book from: People's Medical Publishing House Co. Ltd. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and Peoples Medical Publishing House, PR of China 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
Fracture is the most common injury in the orthopedic clinical practice, and most of them are not difficult to be diagnosed. Since Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the X-ray more than 100 years ago, the diagnosis of fractures has completely departed from the era of “touch and track.” Therefrom, most fractures can be recognized by radiography. However, the limitations of radiograph in diagnosing fractures, as well as the complexity of fractures, have been gradually revealed by the development of medical imaging techniques, especially the extensive application of the computerized tomography and the magnetic resonance imaging. Precise evaluation of complicated fractures according to radiographs alone is quite challenging even for experienced orthopedic surgeons and radiologists and often requires other diagnosing tools. For instance, the differential diagnosis of pathological fractures, which may be secondary to benign, or malignant, or metastatic bone tumors, should be backed up with the result of pathologi
