Salivary Gland Secretions of Phytophagous Arthropods
Thousands of arthropod species use plants as their main food source. Plants in turn are not completely passive towards arthropod herbivory. Arthropod saliva constitutes an important point of contact which initiates phytophagy and mediates chemical communi
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Salivary Gland Secretions of Phytophagous Arthropods Maria P. Celorio-Mancera and John M. Labavitch
Abstract Thousands of arthropod species use plants as their main food source. Plants in turn are not completely passive towards arthropod herbivory. Arthropod saliva constitutes an important point of contact which initiates phytophagy and mediates chemical communication. Here we present a summary of those communications studying the constituents of arthropod saliva and their effect on plants. Particular attention has been dedicated to those reports identifying salivary gland genes and proteins in their entirety (transcriptomes and proteomes). The anatomy of salivary glands is highly variable and much of its complexity remains unstudied in various groups of phytophagous arthropods. Some important factors dictating the function of saliva in herbivory are the feeding strategy used by the arthropod, the developmental stage of the animal and the ecological niche in question. The function of many salivary components, such as the chemosensory proteins identified in arthropods, is still largely unknown. We consider the use of heterologous expression of these genes, chemoinformatic, molecular modeling and immunohistochemical studies to be of substantial importance for the elucidation of the functions of these genes as well as the functions of many other unknown proteins in arthropod systems. Additionally, the role of hemolymph proteins such as apolipophorins and storage proteins in saliva is unclear and therefore attention must be devoted to the understanding of protein movement in the arthropod body.
M.P. Celorio-Mancera (*) Department of Zoology, Ecology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18 B, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] J.M. Labavitch Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Mail stop 5, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 E. Cohen, B. Moussian (eds.), Extracellular Composite Matrices in Arthropods, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40740-1_16
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M.P. Celorio-Mancera and J.M. Labavitch
Introduction
Arthropoda comprises approximately one million described species grouped in nine phylogenetic groups, namely Hexapoda, Crustacea, Pauropoda, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Symphyla, Arachnida, Xiphosura and Pycnogonida (Tree of Life Web Project 1995; Thorp 2009). Most phytophagous arthropods are within Hexapoda, specifically Insecta, which dominate terrestrial habitats with over 750,000 species described (Wilson 1988). Therefore, it is not surprising that almost half of the living organisms on Earth are represented by plants and their insect parasites (Schoonhoven et al. 2005). Interactions between arthropods and plants which are ubiquitous and highly diversified have drawn the attention of evolutionary biologists for explanations of this biological diversity. Ehrlich and Raven in 1964, suggested that an “arms race” between plants and their insect herbivores has led to species diversification via “coevolution
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