Sapphire Material, Manufacturing, Applications
Sapphire: Material, Manufacturing, Applications provides complete coverage of sapphire crystal growth and fabrication, including important information on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This book considers all known methods for the grow
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Elena R. Dobrovinskaya • Leonid A. Lytvynov Valerian Pishchik
Sapphire Material, Manufacturing, Applications
Elena R. Dobrovinskaya Rubicon Technology Franklin Park, IL USA
Leonid A. Lytvynov Scientific Technological Complex Institute for Single Crystals Kharkov Ukraine
Valerian Pishchik Gavish, Ltd. Sapphire Products Omer Israel
ISBN: 978-0-387-85694-0 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-85695-7 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-85695-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934333 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com
Preface
By the second half of the twentieth century, a new branch of materials science had come into being — crystalline materials research. Its appearance is linked to the emergence of advanced technologies primarily based on single crystals (bulk crystals and films). At the turn of the last century, the impending onset of the “ceramic era” was forecasted. It was believed that ceramics would play a role comparable to that of the Stone or Bronze Ages in the history of civilization. Naturally, such an assumption was hypothetical, but it showed that ceramic materials had evoked keen interest among researchers. Although sapphire traditionally has been considered a gem, it has developed into a material typical of the “ceramic era.” Widening the field of sapphire application necessitated essential improvement of its homogeneity and working characteristics and extension of the range of sapphire products, especially those with stipulated properties including a preset structural defect distribution. In the early 1980s, successful attainment of crystals with predetermined characteristics was attributed to proper choice of the growth method. At present, in view of the fact that the requirements for crystalline products have become more stringent, such an approach tends to be insufficient. It is clear that one must take into account the physical–chemical processes that take place during the formation of the real crystal structure, i.e., the growth mechanisms and the nature and causes of crystal imperfections. In recent years, certain successes have been achieved in the understanding of crystal formation mechanisms, the morphological stability of the crystallization front, the role of impurities, thermal and concentration flows in the melt, and other factors that influ
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