Satellite radar interferometry for assessing coseismic liquefaction in Portoviejo city, induced by the Mw 7.8 2016 Peder
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Satellite radar interferometry for assessing coseismic liquefaction in Portoviejo city, induced by the Mw 7.8 2016 Pedernales, Ecuador earthquake Marcelo Cando‑Jácome1 · Antonio Martínez‑Graña1 · Kervin Chunga2 · Eduardo Ortíz‑Hernández2 Received: 18 August 2019 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The Portoviejo city, located in the central part of the Ecuadorian Pacific Coast (province of Manabí), was severely affected during the Pedernales Mw 7.8 earthquake of April 16, 2016, accompanied by coseismic liquefaction phenomena that induced processes of ground subsidence, lateral spreading, sinkhole, and sand boils. The present study proposes the detection and delimitation of the areas affected by the relief deformation, associated liquefaction processes, which occurred in the urban area of Portoviejo city and especially in the Zero Zone of greater destruction after the earthquake, through the application of Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (INSAR) methodology, using Sentinel 1A satellite images, plus the support of geological–geotechnical data obtained from boreholes and standard penetration tests to evaluate the liquefaction potential of the layers of the subsoil based on the Potential Liquefaction Index, considering the seismic scenario of amax 0.5 g for the urban area and the Zero Zone. This procedure allowed the delimitation of areas of high seismic risk for the proper coordination and management of the construction and reconstruction processes in the city of Portoviejo and specifically in the Ground Zero. Keywords Earthquake environmental effects · Liquefaction hazard map · Seismic hazard · Pedernales earthquake · INSAR
Introduction On April 16, 2016 (local time in Ecuador, 18h58), a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.8 originated on the central coast of the Ecuadorian Pacific, affecting with great intensity an area of 18,000 km2 (Chunga et al. 2019). This tremor shook * Antonio Martínez‑Graña [email protected] Marcelo Cando‑Jácome [email protected] Kervin Chunga [email protected] Eduardo Ortíz‑Hernández [email protected] 1
Geology Department, External Geodynamics Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Plaza Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
Departamento de Construcciones Civiles, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM), Av. José María Urbina, 130105 Portoviejo, Ecuador
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the cities of Pedernales, Chone, Bahía de Caráquez, Manta, and Portoviejo with intensities between the VIII and IX ESI07 (Cando-Jácome and Martínez-Graña 2018; Chunga et al. 2018). The focal mechanism obtained by the Geophysical Institute of the National Polytechnic School (IGEPN) indicated a low-angle reverse fault immersion N119/15. The Portoviejo city had significant damage in more than 2600 houses, of which 2200 houses were concentrated in the central urban area, which was called the Zero Zone of maximum destruction and is the area analyzed in this study. The are
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