Scientific Credibility and Technical Standards in 19th and early 20th century Germany and Britain

The articles in this first volume of ARCHIMEDES explicitly and intentionally cross boundaries between science and technology, and they also illuminate one another. The first three contributions concern optics and industry in 19th century Germany; the four

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YLrcfiimedes NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME

1996

EDITOR

Z. BUCHWALD, Bern Dibner Professor of the History of Science at MIT, and Director of The Dibner Institutefor the History of Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

JED

ADVISORY BOARD

University of Utrecht Virginia Polytechnic Institute ALLAN D. FRANKLIN, University of Colorado at Boulder KOSTAS GAVROGLU, National Technical University of Athens ANTHONY GRAFTON, Princeton University FREDERIC L. HOLMES, Yale University PAUL HOYNINGEN-HUENE, University of Konstanz EVELYN Fox KELLER, MIT TREVOR LEVERE, University of Toronto JESPER LUTZEN, Copenhagen University WILLIAM NEWMAN, Harvard University JiiRGEN RENN, Max-Planck-Institutfur Wissenschaftsgeschichte ALAN SHAPIRO, University of Minnesota NANCY SIRAISI, Hunter College of the City University of New York MERRITT ROE SMITH, MIT NOEL SWERDLOW, University of Chicago HENK Bos,

MORDECHAI FEINGOLD,

.9Lrcfiimeaes, which will initially appear once a year, has three fundamental goals: to further the integration of the histories of science and technology with one another; to investigate the technical, social and practical histories of specific developments in science and technology; and finally, where possible and desirable, to bring the histories of science and technology into closer contact with the philosophy of science. To these ends, each volume will have its own theme and title and will be planned by one or more members of the Advisory Board in consultation with the editor. Although the volumes have specific themes, the series itself will not be limited to one or even to a few particular areas. Its subjects include any of the sciences, ranging from biology through physics, all aspects of technology, broadly construed, as well as historically-engaged philosophy of science or technology. Taken as a whole, .9Lrcfiimeies will be of interest to historians, philosophers, and scientists, as well as to those in business and industry who seek to understand how science and industry have come to be so strongly linked.

.9Lrchimedes 1996

New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology

Scientific Credibility and Technical Standards in 19th and early 20th century Germany and Britain edited by

JED Z. BUCHWALD MITand The Dibner Institutefor the History of Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

" 1IIiI...

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN- 13: 978-0-7923-4762-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1784-2

e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1784-2

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Printed on acid-free paper

Also published in 1996 in hardbound edition in the series Ar