Season-Long Volatile Emissions from Peach and Pear Trees In Situ , Overlapping Profiles, and Olfactory Attraction of an
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Season-Long Volatile Emissions from Peach and Pear Trees In Situ, Overlapping Profiles, and Olfactory Attraction of an Oligophagous Fruit Moth in the Laboratory A. Najar-Rodriguez & B. Orschel & S. Dorn
Received: 5 October 2012 / Revised: 11 December 2012 / Accepted: 27 January 2013 / Published online: 26 February 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Insect herbivores that have more than one generation per year and reproduce on different host plants are confronted with substantial seasonal variation in the volatile blends emitted by their hosts. One way to deal with such variation is to respond to a specific set of compounds common to all host plants. The oriental fruit moth Cydia (=Grapholita) molesta is a highly damaging invasive pest. The stone fruit peach (Prunus persica) is its primary host, whereas pome fruits such as pear (Pyrus communis) are considered secondary hosts. In some parts of their geographic range, moth populations switch from stone to pome fruit orchards during the growing season. Here, we tested whether this temporal switch is facilitated by female responses to plant volatiles. We collected volatiles from peach and pear trees in situ and characterized their seasonal dynamics by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We also assessed the effects of the natural volatile blends released by the two plant species on female attraction by using Y-tube olfactometry. Finally, we related variations in volatile emissions to female olfactory responses. Our results indicate that the seasonal host switch from peach to pear is facilitated by the changing olfactory effect of the natural volatile blends being emitted. Peach volatiles were only attractive early and mid season, whereas pear volatiles were attractive from mid to late season. Blends from the various attractive stages shared a common set of five aldehydes, which are suggested to play an essential role in female attraction to host plants. Particular attention should be given to these aldehydes when Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10886-013-0262-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Najar-Rodriguez (*) : B. Orschel : S. Dorn ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences/Applied Entomology Schmelzbergstrasse, 9/LFO, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected]
designing candidate attractants for oriental fruit moth females. Keywords Oriental fruit moth . Grapholita molesta . Lepidoptera . Female olfactory attraction . Peach . Pear . Aldehyde . Invasive pest
Introduction Plant-produced chemicals determine, to a great extent, the variety of host plants that can be exploited by insect herbivores (Berenbaum 1981; Ricklefs 2008). Among these chemicals, volatiles play a vital role in host plant choice by guiding herbivores to their hosts (Bruce et al. 2005). Herbivores with multiple generations per year that reproduce on different hosts are confronted with substantial variations in the volatile blends emitted by
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