Volatile chemical emissions from car air fresheners
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Volatile chemical emissions from car air fresheners Anne Steinemann 1,2 & Neda Nematollahi 1 & Justine Lew Weinberg 3 & Jennifer Flattery 4 & Nigel Goodman 5 & Spas D. Kolev 6 Received: 19 June 2020 / Accepted: 21 July 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Air fresheners, used in a variety of indoor environments, emit a range of volatile chemicals, including some classified as hazardous. However, little is known about the emissions from air fresheners designed for use in cars. This study investigates the volatile organic compounds emitted from car air fresheners, identifies potentially hazardous compounds, compares emissions between so-called natural and regular versions, and assesses whether ingredients are disclosed. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 12 car air fresheners were analyzed for their volatile emissions. Air freshener types included car vent clips, wraps, hanging ornaments, cans, and spray. Results reveal that the air fresheners collectively emitted 546 VOCs with 30 VOCs classified as potentially hazardous. All air freshener types emitted one or more potentially hazardous compounds. Comparing regular air fresheners with so-called natural or green air fresheners, no significant difference was found in the emissions of hazardous compounds. Notably, all products emitted at least one VOC classified as potentially hazardous. Among all of the 546 compounds emitted, fewer than 2% of all VOCs, and none of the potentially hazardous VOCs, were disclosed on any product label or safety data sheet. This study reveals that car air fresheners can be a source of exposure to numerous volatile compounds, including potentially hazardous VOCs, most of which are undisclosed. Of particular concern for human exposure is the small and enclosed breathing space within vehicles, as well as involuntary exposure in commercial vehicles such as taxi cabs and rideshares. Keywords Car air freshener . Fragrance . Volatile organic compounds . Emissions
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00886-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Anne Steinemann [email protected] 1
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
2
College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4812, Australia
3
Public Health Institute, contractor to Occupational Health Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
4
Occupational Health Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
5
School of Property Construction and Project Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
6
School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
Air fresheners are pervasive within indoor environments, from public and private buildings to forms of transportation. Although air fresheners may be used with the intent to enhance
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