Seasonal Flight Dynamics of the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Krasnodar Territory Based
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onal Flight Dynamics of the Codling Moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Krasnodar Territory Based on the Pheromone Monitoring Data V. A. Yakovuka, I. V. Balakhninaa,*, T. N. Doroshenkob, and V. M. Yakovukb a
All-Russian Research Institute for Biological Plant Protection, Krasnodar, 350039 Russia b
Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, 350044 Russia *e-mail: [email protected]
Received September 20, 2018; revised August 9, 2019; accepted October 20, 2019
Abstract—Long-term results of pheromone monitoring of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. in the ecological orchard agroecosystem were analyzed to clarify the flight period of each pest generation. The flights of the overwintered and the first summer generations overlapped by about 20 days; those of the first and second summer generations overlapped by about 25 days. The biological characteristics of the codling moth can be used to determine the optimal timing of protective measures, taking into account the temperature data and the phenophases of apple trees. In this way, the number of pesticide treatments in the orchard can be reduced to 4–6 during the growing season. Keywords: orchard agroecosystem, phytophage, entomophage, codling moth, pheromone monitoring, pesticides DOI: 10.1134/S0013873820040016
The natural and climatic conditions make Krasnodar Territory one of the most favorable regions for growing high-quality fruits and berries. This territory produces 40% of the total commercial orchard crops in Russia. There are 70 large and medium-scale fruit producers and also over 300 smaller businesses located in almost all the municipal areas of Krasnodar Territory (Kritskiy, 2019). Fruit growers mostly employ standard complex or partially environment-friendly schemes of pest management that include the use of chemical pesticides (often those of hazard class I or II) with a high permitted number of treatments, from 20 to 40 during the growing season. This approach reduces the total abundance not only of pests but also of neutral and beneficial arthropod species (Kamenek et al., 2005; Bezruchenok, 2010). It is known that since entomophages are more sensitive to many insecticides than other arthropods, they are more rapidly eliminated by treatments (Kovalenkov and Tyurina, 2016); this leads to increasing abundance and harmful activity of phytophages and to overall disruption of the whole orchard agroecosystem (Sugonyaev and Balakhnina, 2009; Sugonyaev et al., 2010).
Apart from impoverishment of the insect fauna, prolonged use of pesticides from the same chemical classes leads to development of pesticide resistance in phytophages (Doutt and Smith, 1971); this constitutes a separate problem requiring additional treatments (DeBach and Rosen, 1991). It is well known that preservation and attraction of natural entomophages increase the efficiency of controlling many arthropod pests. This concept was used as a basis for new approaches to orchard protection. The program of ecological management of pest and entomophage populations in the orchard eco
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