Seasonal levels of pesticide residues in the main and the Blue Nile waters in Sudan
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Seasonal levels of pesticide residues in the main and the Blue Nile waters in Sudan Gibreel Abdel latif Ahmed Nesser 1 & Azhari Omer Abdelbagi 2 & Abd Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed Ishag 2 Ahmed Mohammed Ali Hammad 2 & Mirghani Tagelseed 1
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Received: 20 March 2019 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Levels of twenty-two commonly used pesticides were monitored three times a year (autumn, winter, and summer) in 54 water samples collected from six sites representing the main and Blue Nile. These sites were selected to reflect any attributes from main drainage canals from agricultural schemes in Sudan as well as any impact from upstream sources. Collected samples were subject to gas chromatographic analysis equipped with FID/ECD, and results were expressed in ng/l water. Analysis of Blue Nile water indicated the presence of OCs in 45% of the samples, OPs in 11%, pyrethroids in 22%, and none of the tested herbicides. Heptachlor and DDTs were the most prevalent followed by the pyrethroids. Levels detected were not high. Water of the main Nile showed the presence of OCs in 22% of the samples, pyrethroids in 4%, and none of the tested OPs and herbicides. DDT is the most prevalent followed by heptachlor. Total concentration in main Nile is relatively higher than the Blue Nile. Residues of DDD, λ cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, oxyfluorfen, HCH, and endosulfan isomers were not detected in the analyzed samples. Generally levels were least in autumn, followed by summer and winter. Sources of contamination might include some drains from agricultural lands in central Sudan and/or upstream sources. Both recent and old contaminations were indicated. Keywords Blue Nile . River Nile . Pesticide residue . Sudan
Introduction Water is essential for the existence of humans and other forms of life. Public water should be palatable and wholesome; attractive to senses, taste, and smell; and must be hygienically safe. Water, even in its natural state, contains a variety of chemicals. If the concentration of such chemicals exceeds the desirable limits for human consumption, their removal becomes necessary. Different types of water can be affected by different factors whether in the source or in the different Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05969-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Abd Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed Ishag [email protected] 1
International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan
2
Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan
passages. Public sensitivity to chemicals, especially pesticides, in surface water had received an increased concern in recent years since they affect directly or indirectly humans and aquatic life. The water system may be acutely affected even at low concentrations by pesticide contaminants, which may also be associated with biological magnification in the food chains (Ab
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