Civil Wars in Sudan and South Sudan
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Civil Wars in Sudan and South Sudan
Civil war; Diversity; Institutions; Peace; Political Islam; Social contract; South Sudan; Sudan; System of government
article to provide a better diagnosis of civil wars and mechanisms for nurturing enduring peace. Sudan and South Sudan that have been susceptible since their independence to recurrent civil wars provide good cases for testing the social contract framework. This entry argues that the ruling elites in both countries have adopted unitary autocratic system of government that failed to forge a social contract that builds trust between citizens and governments and among citizens as well as failing to address the core conflict issues. The pathway for sustainable peace in the two Sudans is to forge a new resilient social contract that addresses the core conflict issues through inclusive and responsive political settlements and social contract-making mechanisms, inclusive and effective institutions and expanding and deepening social cohesion.
Definition
Introduction
This article revisits debate about the root causes of civil wars with the aim of providing a coherent framework for addressing such drivers and building sustainable peace. It is argued in this article that the civil war is better explained by the absence of resilient social contract rather than the dominant theoretical perspectives that attribute causation of civil wars to grievances or greed. The resilient social contract framework with its three postulated drivers is used in this
There is no doubt that civil wars will continue to pose continuous threat to human lives and livelihoods, particularly in Africa. In 2018, Africa experienced about 21 civil wars that is the highest number of civil conflicts since 1946 (Rustad and Bakken 2019). Besides their persistent recurrence, the nature and dynamics of civil conflicts have been changing. While most of violent conflicts are largely within the states in Africa, peaceful civilian protests, riots, and uprising are
Luka Biong D. Kuol Africa Center for Strategic Studies (ACSS), National Defense University, Washington, USA Peace Research Institute Oslo, Oslo, Norway University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
Synonyms
© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020 O. Richmond, G. Visoka (eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_148-1
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increasingly supplanting the normal armed conflicts. The violent conflicts are not only in rise but have become the main drivers of the increased vulnerability, food insecurity, and recent resurgent of famines in Africa. In the case of the Horn of Africa, the overall economic cost of conflict was estimated to be 18.29% economic growth rate of per capita from 1990 to 2010 and lost between $4757.24 and $8777.96 in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita between 1990 and 2007 [Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) 2011, p. 98]. Given its persistence, understanding the root causes of civil war will conti
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