Secondhand Smoke Policy and the Risk of Depression
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Secondhand Smoke Policy and the Risk of Depression Frank C. Bandiera, M.P.H. & Alberto J. Caban-Martinez, M.P.H. & Kristopher L. Arheart, Ed.D. & Evelyn P. Davila, M.P.H. & Lora E. Fleming, M.D., Ph.D. & Noella A. Dietz, Ph.D. & John E. Lewis, Ph.D. & David Fabry, Ph.D. & David J. Lee, Ph.D.
Published online: 31 March 2010 # The Society of Behavioral Medicine 2010
Abstract Background Banning smoking in work and public settings leads to immediate reductions in disease burden. However, no previous studies have looked specifically at the impact smoking bans may have on depression. Methods The 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) uses a cross-sectional design representative of the non-institutionalized civilian US population. Never smoker survey participants ≥18 years of age were selected from the BRFSS (n=41,904) with their self-report of depressive symptoms in the last 2 weeks, as assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire. Models with adjustment for survey design, sociodemographics, alcohol consumption, and work and home smoking policies were considered. Results Following covariate adjustment, the risk of major depression was significantly higher for those living where smoking was allowed anywhere in the home versus those living in homes with complete smoking bans and in those who indicated that smoking was permitted in their work areas versus those reporting complete workplace smoking bans. F. C. Bandiera : A. J. Caban-Martinez : K. L. Arheart : E. P. Davila : L. E. Fleming : N. A. Dietz : D. J. Lee (*) Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, P.O. Box 016069 (D-4-11), Miami, FL 33101, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. E. Lewis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA D. Fabry Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Conclusions Findings from the present analysis support policies that ban smoking in all workplace settings. Interventions designed to eliminate smoking in the home are also needed. Keywords Secondhand smoke . Depression . Tobacco policy . Mental health policy Abbreviations BRFSS Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System SHS Secondhand smoke DALYS Disability-adjusted life years CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention OR Odds ratio
Introduction Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure causes premature death and disease in persons who do not smoke [1]. Pooled data from 1988 to 2002 indicate that approximately 43% of the United States (US) population was exposed to SHS [2]. Depression is a common and often chronic disorder, affecting over 32 million US adults in their lifetime and over 13 million US adults in the last 12 months [3]. Depression has been associated with an increased risk for premature mortality [4, 5], morbidity [6], and decreased worker productivity [7]. In fact, depression is the third leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in developed countries [8]. It is well es
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