Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with current depression (PHQ-8) among never-smokers? Results from a survey am
- PDF / 554,616 Bytes
- 7 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 60 Downloads / 185 Views
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with current depression (PHQ-8) among never-smokers? Results from a survey among German adults Fabian Erdsiek*
and Patrick Brzoska
Abstract Background: Findings on the association between exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and depression are contradictory. Comparability of existing research is limited due to varied methods and measures. This study examines the potential association between exposure to SHS and depression and a potential moderation by sex using representative data from Germany. Methods: For our study, we used data from the German Health Update (GEDA) 2014/2015 on n = 10,274 neversmokers. We calculated a logistic regression model with an interaction term for potential sex-exposure interactions. We used the self-reported duration of exposure to predict current depression of any type as defined by the Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-8 (score ≥ 10), accounting for a large number of confounders. Results: In our sample, prevalence of depression was 8.8% in women and 5.3% in men. 90.4% were never or almost never exposed to SHS, while 7.1% were exposed < 1 h per day and around 2.5% reported being exposed for ≥1 h per day. While SHS exposure for < 1 h per day was not associated with current depression (OR = 1.54; 95%-CI: 0.93–1.61), SHS exposure for at least 1 h per day was associated with increased odds for current depression (OR = 1.59; 95%-CI: 1.08–2.35). No sex-specific differences were found. Conclusions: Higher levels of SHS exposure are associated with current depression, although the nature and direction of the association are still unclear. We identified no differences in the association between men and women. More studies, particularly using longitudinal data, are needed to determine the nature of the association. Keywords: Second-hand smoke, Depression, PHQ-8, Cross-sectional data
Background Several studies have addressed potential associations between smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and the risk of depressive disorders or depressive symptoms and anxiety [1–3]. While some studies found positive associations between SHS exposure and depression and in some cases identified dose-response relationships * Correspondence: [email protected] Universität Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
[4–6], other studies did not identify such associations [7]. In addition, some studies identified some sexspecific effects or suggested exposure-by-sex interactions [5, 8–11], while other studies did not find any sexspecific differences in the effects [6, 7]. The direction of the association and potential underlying mechanisms are largely unclear [12]. Some explanations assume that SHS exposure reduces the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonine or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [4, 5, 10, 13]. Other
© The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribu
Data Loading...
