See Hear: Psychological Effects of Music and Music-Video During Treadmill Running
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
See Hear: Psychological Effects of Music and Music-Video During Treadmill Running Jasmin C. Hutchinson, Ph. D & Costas I. Karageorghis, Ph. D & Leighton Jones, Ph. D
# The Society of Behavioral Medicine 2014
Abstract Background There is a paucity of work addressing the distractive, affect-enhancing, and motivational influences of music and video in combination during exercise. Purpose We examined the effects of music and music-andvideo on a range of psychological and psychophysical variables during treadmill running at intensities above and below ventilatory threshold (VT). Methods Participants (N=24) exercised at 10 % of maximal capacity below VT and 10 % above under music-only, musicand-video, and control conditions. Results There was a condition×intensity×time interaction for perceived activation and state motivation, and an intensity× time interaction for state attention, perceived exertion (RPE), and affective valence. The music-and-video condition elicited the highest levels of dissociation, lowest RPE, and most positive affective responses regardless of exercise intensity. Conclusions Attentional manipulations influence psychological and psychophysical variables at exercise intensities above and below VT, and this effect is enhanced by the combined presentation of auditory and visual stimuli. Keywords Affective response . Dissociation . Dual-mode theory . Exercise Given the clear health benefits associated with aerobic-type exercise, one might expect that regular exercise participation would be highly pervasive in developed countries. Nonetheless, J. C. Hutchinson (*) Exercise Science and Sport Studies Department, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, USA e-mail: [email protected] C. I. Karageorghis : L. Jones Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
epidemiological data indicate that most American adults do not meet the recommended levels of exercise participation [1]. The problem of physical inactivity is complex and seemingly resistant to researcher and practitioner efforts to alter its course [2]. One of the most disconcerting aspects of the problem is the so-called “revolving door” phenomenon [3]; the observation that approximately 50 % of the individuals who initiate a program of physical activity dropout within the first 6 months, and most within the first 3 months [4]. The exercise and health literature is replete with reasons for why people discontinue exercise (see [5] for a review) with scant attention given to the role of exercise-related affect [6, 7]. Following decades of research devoted to cognitive variables, such as self-efficacy and appraisals of social support to address the lack of adherence to physical activity, researchers are now also beginning to consider the role of affective variables, such as enjoyment and pleasure [2, 5]. Exercise intensities that are associated with significant cardiorespiratory gains can induce feelings of fatigue and negative affect [8]. This can act as a deterrent to continued participation and im
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