Seismic stability assessment of an ancient dry stone defensive wall
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Seismic stability assessment of an ancient dry stone defensive wall Konstantinos A. Papadopoulos1 Received: 6 March 2020 / Revised: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This paper presents a sophisticated numerical investigation of the seismic stability of a ruinous section of the city walls of ancient Messene (Peloponnese, Greece), which has been recently proposed to be partially but extensively restored. The examined structure corresponds to the proposed restoration. 3-D numerical analyses were performed using the FE software Abaqus and records of four earthquakes suitably scaled. The analyses included, among others, an investigation of the influence of the monument’s rubble core on its seismic response. The numerical results showed that if the monument presents, after its restoration, all the basic conditions favourable for its stability (i.e. solid base, practically vertical outer and inner masonry faces, intact or restored stone-blocks in good contact, gradual formation of the courses at the ends of the masonry faces), it will withstand seismic actions of equal or higher levels than the ones the Seismic Code imposes for the design of the new buildings in the area. Furthermore, the results indicated that as much as the restoration expands (leading for the structure to be closer to its complete, original form), so much higher the seismic stability of the monument will be, provided that the aforementioned conditions will still apply. Keywords Monument · City walls · Earthquake response · Numerical simulations · FE analysis
1 Introduction Mostly in Europe, but also in other parts of the world, ancient fortifications are a large part of the remaining structures from the past and are considered part of the cultural heritage. Therefore, in many countries such monuments are being studied and measures have been taken, or are being planned, for their preservation (Cattari et al. 2014; Turer 2014; Genestar et al. 2015; Isfeld and Shrive 2015; Díaz and Martínez 2020). Most of these structures were originally built to surround cities for protection of the enemy invasions and were consisted of high walls, strong towers and hidden gates. The remnants of these structures are now mostly in the * Konstantinos A. Papadopoulos [email protected] 1
Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Trivonianou 62, 11636 Athens, Greece
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Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering
centre of the modern cities or in distinctive archaeological sites; in both cases, however, large number of people are daily passing close to (or even thought) them, as pedestrians or visitors. Hence, any restoration study and consequent project must secure the structural integrity of these monuments, not only for the sake of their preservation but also for the protection of the public safety. In earthquake regions the latter-mentioned objective, obviously, includes investigation and measures for the seismic stability of the monuments. This
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