Selective Carbothermic Reduction and Smelting (SCRS) Process for Beneficiation of Low-grade Iron-manganese Mineral Depos
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Selective Carbothermic Reduction and Smelting (SCRS) Process for Beneficiation of Low-grade Iron-manganese Mineral Deposits Basak Anameric 1 Received: 3 June 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 # Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration Inc. 2020
Abstract This study reports preliminary feasibility investigations for utilization of the selective carbothermic reduction and smelting (SCRS) processing scheme to beneficiate low-grade iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) mineral deposits from MN, USA. The study includes laboratory-scale demonstrations using an induction furnace and production of various products by manipulation of operational parameters. The products include alternative iron (Alt Fe), high carbon ferromanganese (HC FeMn), alternative silicomanganese (Alt SiMn), and upgraded manganese concentrate (Mn conc). All of these products have commercial value and can be used in various applications as raw materials. Keywords Reduction . Smelting . Ironmaking . Manganese
1 Introduction Manganese (Mn) is the fourth most used metal, in terms of tonnage (see Table 1) [15]. Manganese is a crucial raw material for the steel and energy industries. It is used in the production of products as diverse as mine equipment, structural steel, auto TWIP steels, and military tanks, lithiummanganese dioxide and lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide batteries, Al-Mn beverage cans, industrial motors, generators, and fertilizers. Manganese plays an important role in improving and modifying the properties of the alloys and compounds to which it is added [16]. To date, no substitute has been identified for manganese in its major applications [25, 26]. Typically, manganese ferroalloys (ferromanganese (FeMn), silicomanganese (SiMn), electrolytic manganese (EMM)), manganese metal, manganese oxides (MnO, γMnO 2, etc.), and various other manganese compounds (MnSO4, MnCl2, KMnO4, etc.) are used. The manganese ferroalloys can be classified based on their bulk composition (FeMn, SiMn, EMM) of by their carbon content (high-carbon (HC), medium carbon (MC), and low carbon (LC)) [7, 8].
* Basak Anameric [email protected] 1
University of Minnesota Duluth, Natural Resources Research Institute, Coleraine Laboratories, Coleraine, MN, USA
The steel industry drives the demand for manganese, consuming more than 93% of all manganese produced globally. One ton of steel consumes, on average, 7 kg of manganese [20]. As an alloying element, manganese improves strength, toughness, and hardness (an austenite stabilizer); and improves the response of steel to quenching. As a process additive, manganese combines with sulfur and controls the morphology of sulfides, is a mild oxidizer, and forms manganese silicates and aluminates [21, 26]. The steel industry is the only consumer of manganese ferroalloys. Often, different grades of manganese ferroalloys are needed to produce a given grade of steel. Recently, there has been a growing trend toward greater use of silicomanganese, primarily for economic reasons [21, 26]. In 2018, global manganese ore production increased 6%, re
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