Selenium biofortification in the 21 st century: status and challenges for healthy human nutrition
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MARSCHNER REVIEW
Selenium biofortification in the 21st century: status and challenges for healthy human nutrition Michela Schiavon & Serenella Nardi & Francesca dalla Vecchia & Andrea Ertani
Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Background Selenium (Se) is an essential element for mammals and its deficiency in the diet is a global problem. Plants accumulate Se and thus represent a major source of Se to consumers. Agronomic biofortification intends to enrich crops with Se in order to secure its adequate supply by people. Scope The goal of this review is to report the present knowledge of the distribution and processes of Se in soil and at the plant-soil interface, and of Se behaviour inside the plant in terms of biofortification. It aims to unravel the Se metabolic pathways that affect the nutritional v al u e o f e dib l e p l a nt p r o du ct s , v ar i ou s S e biofortification strategies in challenging environments, as well as the impact of Se-enriched food on human health. Conclusions Agronomic biofortification and breeding are prevalent strategies for battling Se deficiency. Future Responsible Editor: Ismail Cakmak. M. Schiavon (*) : S. Nardi Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), Università di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy e-mail: [email protected] F. dalla Vecchia Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy A. Ertani Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
research addresses nanosized Se biofortification, crop enrichment with multiple micronutrients, microbialintegrated agronomic biofortification, and optimization of Se biofortification in adverse conditions. Biofortified food of superior nutritional quality may be created, enriched with healthy Se-compounds, as well as several other valuable phytochemicals. Whether such a food source might be used as nutritional intervention for recently emerged coronavirus infections is a relevant question that deserves investigation. Keywords Selenium . Nutrition . Health . Biofortification . Phytochemicals . Viral immunity
Introduction Selenium (Se) is a semi-metallic element that possesses chemical and physical characteristics of both non-metals and metals (Boyd, 2011). It is recognized as an indispensable micronutrient for redox biology of many animals and unicellular organisms (Kieliszek 2019). In mammals, Se in the form of the unusual amino acid selenocysteine (SeCys) is incorporated at the catalytic center of selenoproteins via recoding of the opal UGA codon into a SeCys codon (Mangiapane et al. 2014). In humans, at least 25 selenoproteins play important roles in antioxidative systems, hormone balance, immunity, male fertility, resistance to viral infections and cancer prevention (Harthill 2011; Rayman 2012, 2020; Tan et al. 2018; Valea and Georgescu 2018). However, Se exhibits a double-edged behaviour, because it becomes
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