Self-assembly of P22 protein cages with polyamidoamine dendrimer and inorganic nanoparticles
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Ziyou Zhou Center for Materials for Information Technology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
Karthik Ramasamyb) Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
Franklin Okirie Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
Peter E. Preveligec) Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
Arunava Guptad) Center for Materials for Information Technology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487; and Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487 (Received 18 June 2016; accepted 2 November 2016)
Protein cage based nanoarchitectures hold great potential in the fields of energy, catalysis, and bio-applications owing to their ability to tune material’s properties in a benign biomimetic approach. We demonstrate the self-assembly of bacteriophage P22 using inorganic nanoparticles and dendrimers for the first time. Inorganic nanoparticles (iron oxide, CoFe2O4, and Au) and polyamidoamine serve as model systems for rigid and soft linker materials, respectively, to induce P22 assembly via electrostatic interaction. We observed distinctly different packing of P22 using nanoparticles as compared to the polyamidoamine polymer. Notably, the ratio of nanoparticle: P22 and ligand packing on the nanoparticle surface are dominant controls for this assembly. The best results are obtained at 6.5:1 nanoparticle:P22 number ratio in the presence of 50 mM NaCl, pH 5 6. In contrast, dense area assembly of P22 is observed at 8:1 polyamidoamine:P22 number ratio with 1 M NaCl (pH ; 7.5) for the dendrimer.
I. INTRODUCTION
The ability to integrate nanoparticles (NPs) into ordered two- and three-dimensional self-assembly architectures is a highly promising tool for diverse applications like magnetic storage, photocatalysis, magnetic resonance imaging, and drug delivery.1–3 These hierarchically ordered structures have the advantage of precise control over inter-particle distance and material properties, distinct from their individual components.4,5 This opens the scope to engineer “artificial solids” with carefully engineered material properties. While much research has been directed at chemical methods like evaporation induced self-assembly, biohybrid nanoarchitectures offer an incredible range of structural Contributing Editor: Tao Xie Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] c) e-mail: [email protected] d) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.439
flexibility and an environment-friendly approach, but remain relatively unexplored. In particular, protein cages are attractive building blocks for hierarchical ordering because they possess a remarkable variety of structural packing and surface charge distribution.6,7 Additionally, large quantities of protein cages can be reproducibly synthesized within a narrow size range us
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