Seroprevalence and Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Women of Reproductive Age in Mozambique:
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Seroprevalence and Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Women of Reproductive Age in Mozambique: A Multilevel Analysis Michael Ekholuenetale . Faith Owunari Benebo . Amadou Barrow
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Ashibudike Francis Idebolo . Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam
Received: July 13, 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
ABSTRACT Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has continued to be one of the foremost public health problems globally. Even as more people living with the disease can now have access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), there are still some regions in the world with high transmission rates. The objective of this study Digital Features To view digital features for this article go to https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12855485. M. Ekholuenetale Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria F. Owunari Benebo Clinical Case Management Unit, Management Sciences for Health, Abuja, Nigeria A. Barrow (&) Department of Public and Environmental Health, School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Kanifing, The Gambia e-mail: [email protected] A. Francis Idebolo Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK C. Igwegbe Nzoputam Department of Community Health, Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
was to examine the prevalence and individual-, household- and community-level factors associated with HIV infection among women of reproductive age in Mozambique. Methods: We used nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2015 Survey of Indicators on Immunization, Malaria and HIV or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Mozambique. A sample of 4726 women of reproductive age was included in this study. Prevalence was measured in percentage and the factors for HIV infection were examined using a multivariable multilevel logistic regression model. The level of significance was set at P \ 0.05. Results: The seroprevalence of HIV among women in Mozambique was 10.3% (95% CI 9.2%, 11.6%). Furthermore, women who had two, three and four or more total lifetime number of sex partners were 2.73, 5.61 and 3.95 times as likely to have HIV infection when compared with women with only one lifetime sex partners, respectively. In addition, women of Islam religion had 60% reduction in HIV infection when compared with Christian women (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 0.40; 95% CI 0.16, 0.99). The individual-level model (model B) had the best model fitness with the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) = 500.87 and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) = 648.88. The variations in the odds of HIV infection across communities (r2 = 9.61 9 10–8; SE = 0.55) and households
Infect Dis Ther
(r2 = 1.02 9 10–4; SE = 1.02) were estimated. Results from the median odds ratio (MOR = 1.00) did not show any evidence of community and household contextual factor
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