Serum Concentrations of Trace Elements/Minerals in Patients with Diffuse Systemic Sclerosis
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Serum Concentrations of Trace Elements/Minerals in Patients with Diffuse Systemic Sclerosis Xia Li 1 & Xiujuan Wang 2 & Jin Li 3 & Shanshan Liu 1 & Zheng Liu 2 Received: 1 June 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Trace elements and minerals are essential for cellular physiology and components of biological structures. Previous studies demonstrated that proper serum concentration of trace elements/minerals such as copper maintains optimum function of the immune system, and trace elements/mineral imbalance was associated with various autoimmune disorders. The current study aimed to measure the serum concentrations of trace elements/minerals potassium (K), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg) in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis (dSSc). Fifty-one patients with dSSc were enrolled in this study. Healthy 106 participants with similar age and gender to the patients were used as healthy control. Roche Cobas 8000 was used to measure the serum concentrations of K, Na, Cl, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, and Mg. The results demonstrated that the serum concentrations of K, Ca, P, and Mg were significantly increased in patients with dSSc, while the serum concentration of Cu was decreased. We next examined the serum concentration of trace elements/minerals in dSSc patients with or without pulmonary fibrosis. The result revealed that the serum concentration of Cu in dSSc patients with pulmonary fibrosis was significantly lower than that in patents without pulmonary fibrosis. Our study provided evidence that serum concentrations of K, Ca, P, Cu, and Mg were changed significantly in dSSc patients, and lower serum concentration of Cu was associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Keywords Copper . Diffuse systemic sclerosis . Pulmonary fibrosis . Systemic sclerosis . Trace elements and minerals
Introduction Diffuse systemic sclerosis (dSSc) is a rare, chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the degenerative changes in the skin, joints, and internal organs [1]. In recent years, trace elements/mineral imbalance has been proved to play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. For example, the serum level of total copper was higher in patients with type 1 diabetes and patient with rheumatoid arthritis [2, 3]. Contrarily, reduction in copper levels was found in the degenerating substantia nigra of Parkinson’s disease [4]. We conducted a literature search in PubMed with keywords “diffuse systemic sclerosis” and “trace elements.” To date, there
were only a few reports concerning the relationship between trace elements/minerals imbalance and dSSc [5]. Trace elements/minerals usually were involved as cofactors in biochemical enzymatic reactions [6]. As such, they play cardinal roles in the pathogenesis of SSc [7]. Recently, Ferri et al. reported that high serum level of silica was possible to play a pathogenetic role in SSc phenotypes [8]. Sun et al. found that elevated copper in serum could be a b
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