Severe Plastic Deformation by Machining Characterized by Finite Element Simulation
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A commonly used approach for refinement of microstructure in metals and alloys is severe plastic deformation (SPD).[1–3] Severe plastic deformation generally refers to a class of processes wherein a material is deformed to large plastic strains (>3) through the use of multiple passes of deformation. The role of severe plastic deformation in microstructure refinement is best highlighted in the pioneering studies of Embury and Fisher[4] on deformation of pearlite, and Langford and Cohen[5] on iron. Langford and Cohen,[5] for example, imposed large plastic strains in iron by repeated passes of wire drawing and found the microstructure of the deformed iron wire to be composed of grains and dislocation substructures with sizes in the sub-micrometer range. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the flow stress of the wire. More recently severe plastic deformation has become the preferred route for producing bulk nanostructured materials.[1,3,6] Two conventional severe plastic deformation procedures are equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)[1,3,6] and high pressure torsion (HPT).[1] In equal channel angular, a pressing sample is extruded repeatedly through a rigid die with a bend that imposes shear on the material. The cross sections of the die at the inlet and exit are kept the same so that the sample does not M. SEVIER, Graduate Student, and H.T.Y. YANG, Professor, are with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Contact e-mail: [email protected] S. LEE, Graduate Student, and S. CHANDRASEKAR, Professor, are with the Center for Materials Processing and Tribology, School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2023, USA. Manuscript submitted March 8, 2007. Article published online November 29, 2007. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
undergo any shape change. The sample material typically experiences a shear strain of 1 to 2 per pass and multiple passes of deformation are used to impose large strains and achieve refinement of the microstructure. In high pressure torsional straining, a thin circular disk is subjected to shear under superimposed normal pressure applied between a die and a rotating shaft. The shear is transmitted to the disk sample by friction as the shaft is rotated with respect to the die, thereby imposing large strains in the material. The resulting strain distribution is quite inhomogeneous through the thickness and along the radius of the sample. While conventional severe plastic deformation studies have provided insights into mechanisms of microstructure refinement in metals and alloys of low initial strength, they do possess some limitations. First, multiple stages of deformation are needed to create the large plastic strains. Second, moderate and high-strength metals and alloys are difficult to deform at near-ambient temperatures in this manner due to constraints imposed by the forming equipment, including durability of tools and dies. Last, there are uncertainties pertaining to knowledg
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