Shoot branching regulation and signaling
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REVIEW PAPER
Shoot branching regulation and signaling Yanyan Yan1,2 · Ning Zhao3 · Huimeng Tang1,2 · Biao Gong1,2 · Qinghua Shi1,2 Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 1 July 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Plant development and structure are constantly adjusted throughout their life cycle to adapt environmental changes in nature. The amount of branches mainly depends on whether axillary buds form, release and growth of axillary buds. The plants branching is regulated by many factors including gene transcription, hormone homeostasis, and environmental factors such as light, water, and nutrition. People control shoot branching according to their demands to facilitate agricultural production. The activation and growth of lateral branches depend on a variety of internal and external environmental signals. Here we reviewed the recent progresses on genes, hormones, signaling materials, and external environmental conditions on the development of lateral branches in plant. Understanding these key nodes or regulatory networks is necessary and worthy challenges. The discussion of the factors affecting the formation of lateral branches provides a basis for the rational method of crop breeding and the cultivation of ideal plant type crops. Keywords Environmental factor · Genes · Hormones · Shoot branching · Signaling
Introduction Plant species harbor hundreds of thousands of appearances and structural features that help us to recognize and distinguish them. Most of the beautiful landscapes around us are made up of varied architecture of plants. These differences also provide favorable conditions for each plant to survive and reproduce in complex environments. An excellent example of a highly plastic development process is the control of shoot branching. Branching is one of the great inventions of plants (Jia et al. 2018; Xu et al. 2017). For the crop plants, shoot architecture is one of the most variable determinants of growth and productivity. In cereal crops, * Biao Gong [email protected] * Qinghua Shi [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taian 271018, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People’s Republic of China
3
College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People’s Republic of China
the vegetative growth stage of the shoot is called tiller. The number of tillers determine the number of flowers and seeds. The change of shoot architecture is caused by the variation in the number, length, height, position of shoots and the angle of branches (Barbier et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2017). Axillary branch is the main branching system of angiosperms and gymnosperms, initiate laterally at a certain distance from the shoot apical meristem (Tian and Jiao 2015). Axillary branches are related to phyllotaxis, which is the arran
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