Short-term effects of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, fumonisin B1 or ochratoxin on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox
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Short-term effects of deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, fumonisin B1 or ochratoxin on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system and its regulatory genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver Benjámin Kövesi & Szabina Kulcsár & Erika Zándoki & Judit Szabó-Fodor & Miklós Mézes & Krisztián Balogh & Zsolt Ancsin & Csilla Pelyhe Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The effects of a single oral dose of 1.82 mg kg−1 bw of T-2 and HT-2 toxin (T-2), 1.75 mg kg−1 bw deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyl DON, 1.96 mg kg−1 bw fumonisin B1 (FB1) or 1.85 mg kg−1 bw ochratoxin A (OTA) were investigated in common carp juveniles on lipid peroxidation, the parameters of the glutathione redox system including the expression of their encoding genes in a short-term (24 h) experiment. Markers of the initiation phase of lipid peroxidation, conjugated dienes, and trienes, were slightly affected by DON and OTA treatment at 16-h sampling. The termination marker, malondialdehyde, concentration increased only as an effect of FB1. Glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity showed significantly higher levels in the T-2 and FB1 groups at 8 h, and in the DON and FB1 groups at 16 h. The expression of glutathione peroxidase genes (gpx4a, gpx4b) showed a dual response. Downregulation of gpxa was observed at 8 h, as the effect of DON, FB1, and OTA, but an upregulation in the T-2 group. At 16 h gpx4a upregulated as an effect of DON, T-2, and FB1, and at 24 h in the DON and T-2 groups. Expression of gpx4b downregulated at B. Kövesi : S. Kulcsár : M. Mézes : K. Balogh : Z. Ancsin : C. Pelyhe Department of Nutrition, Szent István University, Gödöllő H-2103, Hungary E. Zándoki : J. Szabó-Fodor : M. Mézes (*) : K. Balogh Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Kaposvár University- Szent István University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary e-mail: [email protected]
8 h, except in the T-2 group, and upregulation observed as an effect of T-2 at 24 h. The lack of an increase in the expression of nrf2, except as the effect of DON at 8 h, and a decrease in the keap1 expression suggests that the antioxidant defence system was activated at gene and protein levels through Keap1–Nrf2 independent pathways. Keywords Deoxynivalenol . T-2 toxin . Fumonisin B1 . Ochratoxin A . Common carp . Glutathione redox system
Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of moulds. Fusarium moulds produce trichothecene mycotoxins, such as T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), while ochratoxin A (OTA) is produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species (Placinta et al. 1999; Jørgensen 2005). These mycotoxins contaminate the food and feed products and by-products, and their oral intake has adverse effects on human and animal health, including fish (Anater et al. 2016). Nevertheless, the effects of these globally significant mycotoxins are not fully described in fish species, and the results show a great variety in different fish species. According to a recent worldwide
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